{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:53:30Z","timestamp":1791302010842,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Nocardia brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular bacterium frequently isolated from human actinomycetoma. However, the pathogenesis of this infection remains unknown. Here, we used a model of bacterial delipidation with benzine to investigate the role of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>cell wall-associated lipids in experimental actinomycetoma. Delipidation of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>with benzine resulted in complete abolition of actinomycetoma without affecting bacterial viability. Chemical analyses revealed that trehalose dimycolate and an unidentified hydrophobic compound were the principal compounds extracted from<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>with benzine. By electron microscopy, the extracted lipids were found to be located in the outermost membrane layer of the<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>cell wall. They also appeared to confer acid-fastness.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, the extractable lipids from the<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>cell wall induced the production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), IL-6, and CCL-2 in macrophages. The<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>cell wall extractable lipids inhibited important macrophage microbicidal effects, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and nitric oxide (NO) production, phagocytosis, bacterial killing, and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) expression in response to gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3). In dendritic cells (DCs),<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>cell wall-associated extractable lipids suppressed MHC-II, CD80, and CD40 expression while inducing tumor growth factor \u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) production. Immunization with delipidated<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>induced partial protection preventing actinomycetoma. These findings suggest that<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>cell wall-associated lipids are important for actinomycetoma development by inducing inflammation and modulating the responses of macrophages and DCs to<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00446-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]],"date-time":"2012-07-31T07:45:32Z","timestamp":1343720732000},"page":"3587-3601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Nocardia brasiliensis Cell Wall Lipids Modulate Macrophage and Dendritic Responses That Favor Development of Experimental Actinomycetoma in BALB\/c Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"J. Humberto","family":"Trevino-Villarreal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Department of Immunology, Monterrey, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucio","family":"Vera-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Dermatolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario \u201cDr. Jos\u00e9 E. Gonz\u00e1lez,\u201d UANL, Monterrey, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro L.","family":"Valero-Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Espa\u00f1a"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario C.","family":"Salinas-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Department of Immunology, Monterrey, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.123.3.1235-1253.1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.2.213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.47.1.135-141.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.6.3504","article-title":"Structural deficiencies in granuloma formation in TNF gene-targeted mice underlie the heightened susceptibility to aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is not compensated for by lymphotoxin","volume":"162","author":"Bean AG","year":"1999","unstructured":"BeanAG. 1999. Structural deficiencies in granuloma formation in TNF gene-targeted mice underlie the heightened susceptibility to aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is not compensated for by lymphotoxin. J. Immunol. 162:3504\u20133511.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608654104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05761.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.6.952"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.54.3.917-919.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.91.2.197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.92.6.507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.64.070195.000333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-9792(02)00089-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01023-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.12.7084-7095.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(83)90304-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(08)60016-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560051218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90001-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"201","article-title":"Granuloma formation and in vitro macrophage activation in mice by mycoloyl glycolipids from Nocardia asteroides and related taxa","volume":"44","author":"Han Y","year":"1998","unstructured":"HanYKawadaNYanoI. 1998. Granuloma formation and in vitro macrophage activation in mice by mycoloyl glycolipids from Nocardia asteroides and related taxa. Osaka City Med. J. 44:201\u2013217.","journal-title":"Osaka City Med. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709530105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-7-1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26226-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-3084(93)90015-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01126.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12464485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200607050-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(03)00102-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3282f85dd3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"95","volume-title":"The biology of the mycobacteria: physiology, identification and classification.","author":"Minnikin DE","year":"1982","unstructured":"MinnikinDE. 1982. Lipids: complex lipids, their chemistry, biosynthesis and roles, p 95\u2013184. In RatledgeC (ed), The biology of the mycobacteria: physiology, identification and classification. Academic Press, San Diego, CA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2011.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-005-0113-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-5-1365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-93-1-141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/w06-075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01291-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.5.2428-2432.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.11.2901-2906.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.8.3193-3198.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"238","article-title":"Role of cord factor in the modulation of infection caused by mycobacteria","volume":"118","author":"Silva CL","year":"1985","unstructured":"SilvaCLEkizlerianSMFazioliRA. 1985. Role of cord factor in the modulation of infection caused by mycobacteria. Am. J. Pathol. 118:238\u2013247.","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"1629","article-title":"Mouse cachexia induced by trehalose dimycolate from Nocardia asteroides","volume":"134","author":"Silva CL","year":"1988","unstructured":"SilvaCLTincaniIBrandao FilhoSLFaccioliLH. 1988. Mouse cachexia induced by trehalose dimycolate from Nocardia asteroides. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134:1629\u20131633.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"573","article-title":"In situ detection and distribution of inflammatory cytokines during the course of infection with Nocardia brasiliensis","volume":"23","author":"Solis-Soto JM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Solis-SotoJM. 2008. In situ detection and distribution of inflammatory cytokines during the course of infection with Nocardia brasiliensis. Histol. Histopathol. 23:573\u2013581.","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/170124a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.3.737"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2006.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2009.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb1978.10.113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01919-07"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00446-12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00446-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]],"date-time":"2023-06-25T00:38:47Z","timestamp":1687653527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00446-12"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"J. L.","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00446-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00446-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-05-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-07-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-09-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}