{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:21:21Z","timestamp":1789759281429,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Paratyphi A is a human-specific serovar that, together with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Typhi and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Sendai, causes enteric fever. Unlike the nontyphoidal\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Typhimurium, the genomes of\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi and\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Paratyphi A are characterized by inactivation of multiple genes, including in the flagellum-chemotaxis pathway. Here, we explored the motility phenotype of\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Paratyphi A and the role of flagellin in key virulence-associated phenotypes. Motility studies established that the human-adapted typhoidal\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi,\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Paratyphi A, and\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Sendai are all noticeably less motile than\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhimurium, and comparative transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) showed that in\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Paratyphi A, the entire motility-chemotaxis regulon is expressed at significantly lowers levels than in\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhimurium. Nevertheless,\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Paratyphi A, like\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhimurium, requires a functional flagellum for epithelial cell invasion and macrophage uptake, probably in a motility-independent mechanism. In contrast, flagella were found to be dispensable for host cell adhesion. Moreover, we demonstrate that in\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Paratyphi A, but not in\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhimurium, the lack of flagellin results in increased transcription of the flagellar and the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) regulons in a FliZ-dependent manner and in oversecretion of SPI-1 effectors via type three secretion system 1. Collectively, these results suggest a novel regulatory linkage between flagellin and SPI-1 in\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Paratyphi A that does not occur in\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhimurium and demonstrate curious distinctions in motility and the expression of the flagellum-chemotaxis regulon between these clinically relevant pathogens.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00468-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,10]],"date-time":"2015-06-10T19:10:03Z","timestamp":1433963403000},"page":"3355-3368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Flagellin Is Required for Host Cell Invasion and Normal Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Expression by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi A"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Dana","family":"Elhadad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prerak","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galia","family":"Rahav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"McClelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ohad","family":"Gal-Mor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00391"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02630-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump JA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED. 2004. 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