{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:52:58Z","timestamp":1789951978719,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Nontyphoidal\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serotypes (NTS) are the leading cause of hospitalization and death due to foodborne illnesses. NTS are the costliest of the foodborne pathogens and cause \u223c$4 billion annually in health care costs. In Africa, new invasive NTS are the leading cause of bacteremia, especially in HIV-positive children and adults. Current vaccines against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            are not broadly protective and most are directed at the typhoid-causing serotypes, not the NTS. All\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains require two type III secretion systems (T3SS) for virulence. The T3SS needle tip protein and the first translocator are localized to the T3SS needle tip and are required for pathogenesis of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Collectively they are 95 to 98% conserved at the amino acid sequence level among all\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains. The\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            pathogenicity island 1 or 2 tip and first translocator proteins were genetically fused to produce the S1 and S2 fusion proteins, respectively, as potential vaccine candidates. S1 and S2 were then characterized using spectroscopic techniques to understand their structural and biophysical properties. Formulated at the proper pH, S1, S2, or S1 plus S2 (S1S2), admixed with adjuvant, was used to immunize mice followed by a lethal challenge with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serotype Typhimurium or\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serotype Enteritidis. The S1S2 formulation provided the highest protective efficacy, thus demonstrating that an S1S2 subunit vaccine can provide broad, serotype-independent protection, possibly against all\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serotypes. Such a finding would be transformative in improving human health.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00473-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T20:39:18Z","timestamp":1515184758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Characterization and Protective Efficacy of Type III Secretion Proteins as a Broadly Protective Subunit Vaccine against Salmonella enterica Serotypes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Martinez-Becerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"},{"name":"Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikalp","family":"Vishwakarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Arizmendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Russell","family":"Middaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"},{"name":"Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Picking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"},{"name":"Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy L.","family":"Picking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Siemens A. 2014. 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