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We show that in Lyme borreliosis, tick salivary gland extract and a tick saliva protein, Salp15, inhibit<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>keratinocyte inflammation induced by<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>sensu stricto or by the major outer surface lipoprotein of<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>, OspC. Chemokines (interleukin-8 [IL-8] and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]) and several antimicrobial peptides (defensins, cathelicidin, psoriasin, and RNase 7) were downregulated. Interestingly, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) transiently inhibited bacterial motility but did not kill the organisms when tested<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. We conclude that tick saliva affects the chemotactic properties of chemokines and AMPs on immune cells and has an antialarmin effect on human primary keratinocytes. Alarmins are mediators that mobilize and activate antigen-presenting cells. Inhibition of cutaneous innate immunity and of the migration of immune cells to the site of the tick bite ensures a favorable environment for<jats:italic>Borrelia.<\/jats:italic>The bacterium can then multiply locally and, subsequently, disseminate to the target organs, including joints, heart, and the central nervous system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00482-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,7]],"date-time":"2010-12-07T06:20:46Z","timestamp":1291702846000},"page":"774-785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Antialarmin Effect of Tick Saliva during the Transmission of Lyme Disease"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Marchal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 4438, Physiopathologie et Me\u0301decine Translationnelle, Faculte\u0301s de Me\u0301decine et de Pharmacie, Universite\u0301 de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 4438, Physiopathologie et Me\u0301decine Translationnelle, Faculte\u0301s de Me\u0301decine et de Pharmacie, Universite\u0301 de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aure\u0301lie","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 4438, Physiopathologie et Me\u0301decine Translationnelle, Faculte\u0301s de Me\u0301decine et de Pharmacie, Universite\u0301 de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Luft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8153"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8153"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Schuijt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joppe","family":"Hovius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoi\u0302t","family":"Jaulhac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 4438, Physiopathologie et Me\u0301decine Translationnelle, Faculte\u0301s de Me\u0301decine et de Pharmacie, Universite\u0301 de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Boulanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 4438, Physiopathologie et Me\u0301decine Translationnelle, Faculte\u0301s de Me\u0301decine et de Pharmacie, Universite\u0301 de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00470-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(02)00325-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2006.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"91","volume":"306","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braff, M. 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