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In this study, we demonstrated with adoptive-transfer experiments that this lectin vaccine protection is mediated by T cells but not serum. The cell-mediated immune (CMI) response was characterized by significant gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3), interleukin 12 (IL-12), IL-2, IL-10, and IL-17 production. To move toward a human vaccine, we switched to a recombinant protein and tested a range of adjuvants and routes appropriate for humans. We found that subcutaneous delivery of LecA with IDRI's adjuvant system EM014 elicited a potent Th1-type CMI profile and provided significant protection, as measured by culture negativity (79% efficacy); intranasal immunization with cholera toxin provided 56% efficacy; and alum induced a Th2-type response that protected 62 to 68% of mice. Several antibody and CMI cytokine responses were examined for correlates of protection, and prechallenge IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>or IFN-\u03b3-, IL-2-, and tumor necrosis factor alpha-triple-positive CD4 cells in blood were statistically associated with protection. To test the role of IFN-\u03b3 in LecA-mediated protection, we neutralized IFN-\u03b3 in LecA-immunized mice and found that it abrogated the protection conferred by vaccination. These data demonstrate that CMI is sufficient for vaccine protection from intestinal amebiasis and reveal an important role for IFN-\u03b3, even in the setting of alum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00487-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]],"date-time":"2009-06-30T00:59:38Z","timestamp":1246323578000},"page":"3909-3918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Protection against Intestinal Amebiasis by a Recombinant Vaccine Is Transferable by T Cells and Mediated by Gamma Interferon"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Xiaoti","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TechLab Incorporated, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Lyerly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TechLab Incorporated, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Vedvick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven G.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"William A.","family":"Petri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Houpt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02018-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00152-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.8.4522-4529.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6448","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.12.6448","volume":"163","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brewer, J. 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