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A unique feature of typhoid infection is asymptomatic carriage within the gallbladder, which is linked with\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi transmission. Despite this,\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi responses to bile have been poorly studied. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) of\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi Ty2 and a clinical\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi isolate belonging to the globally dominant H58 lineage (strain 129-0238), as well as\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhimurium 14028, revealed that 249, 389, and 453 genes, respectively, were differentially expressed in the presence of 3% bile compared to control cultures lacking bile.\n            <jats:italic>fad<\/jats:italic>\n            genes, the\n            <jats:italic>actP-acs<\/jats:italic>\n            operon, and putative sialic acid uptake and metabolism genes (t1787 to t1790) were upregulated in all strains following bile exposure, which may represent adaptation to the small intestine environment. Genes within the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1), those encoding a type IIII secretion system (T3SS), and motility genes were significantly upregulated in both\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi strains in bile but downregulated in\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhimurium. Western blots of the SPI-1 proteins SipC, SipD, SopB, and SopE validated the gene expression data. Consistent with this, bile significantly increased\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi HeLa cell invasion, while\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhimurium invasion was significantly repressed. Protein stability assays demonstrated that in\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi the half-life of HilD, the dominant regulator of SPI-1, is three times longer in the presence of bile; this increase in stability was independent of the acetyltransferase Pat. Overall, we found that\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi exhibits a specific response to bile, especially with regard to virulence gene expression, which could impact pathogenesis and transmission.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00490-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T16:15:45Z","timestamp":1513008945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Comparison of Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Typhimurium Reveals Typhoidal Serovar-Specific Responses to Bile"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Ravenhall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Pickard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Dougan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gad","family":"Frankel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091313-103739"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2008.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00066-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Genetic and environmental control of Salmonella invasion","volume":"43","author":"Altier C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Altier C. 2005. 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