{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:11:18Z","timestamp":1790223078598,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Cardiomyopathy is a serious complication of Chagas' disease, caused by the protozoan parasite\n Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:named-content>\n . The parasite often infects cardiac myocytes, causing the release of inflammatory mediators, including eicosanoids. A recent study from our laboratory demonstrated that calcium-independent phospholipase A\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u03b3 (iPLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u03b3) accounts for the majority of PLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n activity in rabbit ventricular myocytes and is responsible for arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (PGE\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) release. Thus, we hypothesized that cardiac iPLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u03b3 contributes to eicosanoid production in\n T. cruzi<\/jats:named-content>\n infection. Inhibition of the isoform iPLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u03b3 or iPLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u03b2, with the\n R<\/jats:italic>\n or\n S<\/jats:italic>\n enantiomer of bromoenol lactone (BEL), respectively, demonstrated that iPLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u03b3 is the predominant isoform in immortalized mouse cardiac myocytes (HL-1 cells). Stimulation of HL-1 cells with thrombin, a serine protease associated with microthrombus formation in Chagas' disease and a known activator of iPLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , increased AA and PGE\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n release, accompanied by platelet-activating factor (PAF) production. Similarly,\n T. cruzi<\/jats:named-content>\n infection resulted in increased AA and PGE\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n release over time that was inhibited by pretreatment with (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n )-BEL. Further,\n T. cruzi<\/jats:named-content>\n -infected iPLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u03b3-knockout (KO) mice had lower survival rates and increased tissue parasitism compared to wild-type (WT) mice, suggesting that iPLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u03b3-KO mice were more susceptible to infection than WT mice. A significant increase in iPLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n activity was observed in WT mice following infection, whereas iPLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u03b3-KO mice showed no alteration in cardiac iPLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n activity and produced less PGE\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n . In summary, these studies demonstrate that\n T. cruzi<\/jats:named-content>\n infection activates cardiac myocyte iPLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u03b3, resulting in increased AA and PGE\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n release, mediators that may be essential for host survival during acute infection. Thus, these studies suggest that iPLA\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u03b3 plays a cardioprotective role during the acute stage of Chagas' disease.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00497-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]],"date-time":"2013-02-20T07:15:35Z","timestamp":1361344535000},"page":"2278-2287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Absence of Myocardial Calcium-Independent Phospholipase A\n 2<\/sub>\n \u03b3 Results in Impaired Prostaglandin E\n 2<\/sub>\n Production and Decreased Survival in Mice with Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Janhavi","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Eickhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel F.","family":"Hoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Chemistry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"McHowat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","volume-title":"WHO factsheet for Chagas' disease","author":"WHO","year":"2012","unstructured":"WHO. 2012. WHO factsheet for Chagas' disease. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605091"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60061-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000674"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5434-5440.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00388-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016959"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2011.00781.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.24.3003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.274"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1998.274.2.C447"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-998-0324-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-008-3201-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-011-3554-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.2979"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.055194"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.749739"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/o59-099"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.5065-5074.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32807","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M202568200","article-title":"Identification of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) beta, and not iPLA2gamma, as the mediator of arginine vasopressin-induced arachidonic acid release in A-10 smooth muscle cells. Enantioselective mechanism-based discrimination of mammalian iPLA2s","volume":"277","author":"Jenkins CM","year":"2002","unstructured":"JenkinsCMHanXMancusoDJGrossRW. 2002. Identification of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) beta, and not iPLA2gamma, as the mediator of arginine vasopressin-induced arachidonic acid release in A-10 smooth muscle cells. Enantioselective mechanism-based discrimination of mammalian iPLA2s. J. Biol. Chem. 277:32807\u201332814.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32834a667f"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S8338"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/e495"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062432"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1996.0167"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)89634-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/CT:1:4:253"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-8062.2011.00294.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm891"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)40703-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0156153"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.2810-2814.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00146-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284127"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-04-0251"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00497-12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00497-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T12:29:33Z","timestamp":1646483373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00497-12"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"J. F.","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00497-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00497-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-05-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-02-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-06-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}