{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:44:24Z","timestamp":1792845864000,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI167978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI167978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over the past 30 years, a distinct pathotype of hypervirulent\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (hvKp) has emerged, characterized by its ability to cause severe tissue-invasive infections, including liver abscesses in otherwise healthy individuals.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      liver abscesses (KLA) are most prevalent in East and Southeast Asia; however, their global incidence is rising, with hvKp now recognized as an important pathogen in Europe and the United States. While\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      often colonizes the gut asymptomatically, KLAs develop when hvKp disseminates from the gut to the liver via the portal vein. Strains expressing K1 and K2 capsule types demonstrate the highest resistance to clearance by Kupffer cells, the liver resident macrophages, and are responsible for most KLA cases. KLAs present as fibrously encapsulated lesions composed of bacteria, pus, and immune cells. Treatment typically involves a combination of abscess drainage and antibiotic therapy; however, clinical outcomes are often poor, even in the absence of antibiotic resistance. This is due, in part, to significant barriers to achieving effective antibiotic efficacy within abscesses that can result in devastating complications such as metastatic infection, liver resection, or death. The emergence of KLA caused by multidrug-resistant hvKp strains, although still rare, represents an additional and alarming therapeutic challenge. This review explores the pathogenesis of KLA and highlights critical obstacles to effective management and therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00508-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T09:56:34Z","timestamp":1751536594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    liver abscesses: pathogenesis, treatment, and ongoing challenges"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Angeles-Solano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0130frc33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zajeba","family":"Tabashsum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0130frc33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5845-2235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y64my43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Clinical and Translational Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo","place":["Buffalo, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8955-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0130frc33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22718"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00078-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.939322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(70)92845-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/130.4.402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1334-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70205-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00482-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"311","article-title":"Clinical spectrum and molecular characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae causing community-acquired extrahepatic abscess","volume":"41","author":"Ku YH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ku YH, Chuang YC, Yu WL. 2008. Clinical spectrum and molecular characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae causing community-acquired extrahepatic abscess. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 41:311\u2013317.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1317412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Yu W-L. 2023. Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. UpToDate. Available from: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/invasive-liver-abscess-syndrome-caused-by-klebsiella-pneumoniae"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05702-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11101876"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1609.100386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00776-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24448-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00001-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13020078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-011420-075607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.ESP-0033-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01750-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009376"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2020.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01443-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.211413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/519262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00089-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00800-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.3.788-800.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1108818"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012675"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.838207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00372-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0630018100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01667-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094591"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01090-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1097-2765(02)00708-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00224-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000622"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05114-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000494627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1986.00360220057011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","first-page":"232","article-title":"Comparison of pyogenic liver abscesses caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and non-K. pneumoniae pathogens","volume":"94","author":"Chang FY","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chang FY, Chou MY. 1995. Comparison of pyogenic liver abscesses caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and non-K. pneumoniae pathogens. J Formos Med Assoc 94:232\u2013237.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2402.170957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2015.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/431302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40310.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425616"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2008.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00676-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05114-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0315-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.191517"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01369-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01052-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00630-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","unstructured":"WHO. 2024. Disease Outbreak News; Antimicrobial Resistance Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae - Global situation. World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","unstructured":"ECDC. 2024. Emergence of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae ST23 carrying carbapenemase genes in EU\/EEA countries first update. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/828741"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2024.104892"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1781196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00486-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit675"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2019.39.2.167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22838"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02173-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S161075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02240-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omz032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00174-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3101.241516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02867-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1809322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10092-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2022.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00775-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00206-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00288-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ring BE Shepard GE Khadka S Holmes CL Bachman MA Mike LA. 2024. Arginine regulates the mucoid phenotype of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae. bioRxiv:2024.11.20.624485. doi:10.1101\/2024.11.20.624485","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.20.624485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c120026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00195-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00423-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516369"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","first-page":"176","article-title":"Comparison of pyogenic liver abscess caused by non-Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"37","author":"Yang CC","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang CC, Yen CH, Ho MW, Wang JH. 2004. Comparison of pyogenic liver abscess caused by non-Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 37:176\u2013184.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2005.366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2023.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.6764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life11070676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.1485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","first-page":"485","article-title":"Septic endophthalmitis associated with bacteremia and liver abscess caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"83","author":"Mart\u00ednez M","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez M, Castro F, Ocasio R, V\u00e1zquez G, Ram\u00edrez Ronda CH. 1991. Septic endophthalmitis associated with bacteremia and liver abscess caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bol Asoc Med P R 83:485\u2013486.","journal-title":"Bol Asoc Med P R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-023-00574-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1991.00400080059010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2023.e01902"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/590932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.12.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.7.2088-2092.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.3.420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-010-0103-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2749"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0408-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/258514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2024.e01987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00071-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-74-5-657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0195941700062603"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.642484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/ajcr.905191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usad124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-226490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.9.3640-3641.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2006.21.5.816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","volume-title":"Third-generation cephalosporins","author":"Arumugham VB","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arumugham VB, Gujarathi R, Cascella M. 2025. Third-generation cephalosporins. StatPearls, Treasure Island."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-7125(16)30034-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2024.e01935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.1696"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1308\/003588414X14055925060037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00694-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000094668"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/31.suppl_d.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","volume-title":"The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","author":"MacDougall C","year":"2023","unstructured":"MacDougall C. 2023. General Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy. In The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 14th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, New York.","edition":"14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.3.1.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/1998\/831425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200767070-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2013.56.9.407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.677799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)33203-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03272-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000341550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2016.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02238-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2024.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.4.676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00833-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","volume-title":"Beta-lactam antibiotics","author":"Pandey N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pandey N, Cascella M. 2024. Beta-lactam antibiotics. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, Florida (FL), USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.51"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02267-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cross T Torres F McGee AP Aliyu T Westblade LF Singh A D\u00f6rr T. 2025. Prevalence and mechanisms of high-level carbapenem antibiotic tolerance in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. bioRxiv:2025.02.19.639047. doi:10.1101\/2025.02.19.639047","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.19.639047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.7.2659-2664.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/23.1.592"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15966-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0627-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151248"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00901-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-4894(02)00021-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182480"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01651-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaj2191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03482-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202051034"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/iai.00508-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/iai.00508-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T13:00:54Z","timestamp":1755003654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/iai.00508-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Anthony R.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/iai.00508-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00508-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00508-24"}}