{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:47:51Z","timestamp":1792738071729,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n is a facultative intracellular human pathogen and the etiological agent of severe pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease. Its virulence depends on protein secretion systems, in particular, the Dot\/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS), which is essential to establish a replication-permissive vacuole in macrophages. The analysis of the role of these systems and their substrates for pathogenesis requires easy-to-use models which approximate human infection. We examined the effectiveness of the larvae of the wax moth\n Galleria mellonella<\/jats:named-content>\n as a new model for\n L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n infection. We found that the\n L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n strains 130b, Paris, and JR32 caused mortality of the\n G. mellonella<\/jats:named-content>\n larvae that was strain, infectious dose, growth phase, and T4SS dependent. Wild-type\n L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n persisted and replicated within the larvae, whereas T4SS mutants were rapidly cleared.\n L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n strain Lp02, which is attenuated in the absence of thymidine but has a functional T4SS, resisted clearance in\n G. mellonella<\/jats:named-content>\n up to 18 h postinfection without inducing mortality. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy revealed that\n L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n resided within insect hemocytes in a vacuole that ultrastructurally resembled the\n Legionella<\/jats:named-content>\n -containing vacuole (LCV) observed in macrophages. The vacuole was decorated with the T4SS effector and LCV marker SidC. Infection caused severe damage to the insect organs and triggered immune responses, including activation of the phenoloxidase cascade leading to melanization, nodule formation, and upregulation of antimicrobial peptides. Taken together, these results suggest that\n G. mellonella<\/jats:named-content>\n provides an effective model to investigate the interaction between\n L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n and the host.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00510-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,30]],"date-time":"2012-05-30T03:13:56Z","timestamp":1338347636000},"page":"2780-2790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Legionella pneumophila Pathogenesis in the Galleria mellonella Infection Model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Clare R.","family":"Harding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar N.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artemis","family":"Kosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Mousnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gad","family":"Frankel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.6.2022-2028.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.25980-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92803-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01092.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01398.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"1537","article-title":"Replicative Legionella pneumophila lung infection in intratracheally inoculated A\/J. mice. A murine model of human Legionnaires' disease","volume":"145","author":"Brieland J","year":"1994","unstructured":"BrielandJ. 1994. Replicative Legionella pneumophila lung infection in intratracheally inoculated A\/J. mice. A murine model of human Legionnaires' disease. Am. J. Pathol. 145:1537\u20131546.","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00116.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.026823-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"776","article-title":"Insect infection model for Campylobacter jejuni reveals that O-methyl phosphoramidate has insecticidal activity","volume":"201","author":"Champion OL","year":"2010","unstructured":"ChampionOL. 2010. Insect infection model for Campylobacter jejuni reveals that O-methyl phosphoramidate has insecticidal activity. J. Infect. 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