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Recently, Tim-3 was reported to be involved in Th2-biased immune responses in mice infected with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:named-content>, but the exact mechanism behind the involvement of Tim-3 remains unknown. The present study aims to understand the role of Tim-3 in the immune response against<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. japonicum<\/jats:named-content>infection. Tim-3 expression was determined by flow cytometry, and increased Tim-3 expression was observed on CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells, NK1.1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells, and CD11b<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells from the livers of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. japonicum<\/jats:named-content>-infected mice. However, the increased level of Tim-3 was lower in the spleen than in the liver, and no increase in Tim-3 expression was observed on splenic CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells or CD11b<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells. The schistosome-induced upregulation of Tim-3 on natural killer (NK) cells was accompanied by reduced NK cell numbers<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Tim-3 antibody blockade led to upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and interleukin-12 (IL-12) mRNA in CD11b<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells cocultured with soluble egg antigen and downregulation of Arg1 and IL-10, which are markers of M2 macrophages. In summary, we observed schistosome-induced expression of Tim-3 on critical immune cell populations, which may be involved in the Th2-biased immune response and alternative activation of macrophages during infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00517-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]],"date-time":"2015-05-19T02:11:13Z","timestamp":1432001473000},"page":"3074-3082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Tim-3 Induces Th2-Biased Immunity and Alternative Macrophage Activation during Schistosoma japonicum Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of 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