{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:53:51Z","timestamp":1791248031826,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]],"date-time":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            In 2001, a bioterrorism attack involving\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            spore-laced letters resulted in 22 cases of inhalation anthrax, with five fatalities. This incident identified gaps in our health care system and precipitated a renewed interest in identifying both therapeutics and rapid diagnostic assays. To address those gaps, well-characterized animal models that resemble the human disease are needed. In addition, a rapid assay for a reliable diagnostic marker is key to the success of these efforts. In this study, we exposed African green monkeys to\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            spores; examined clinical signs and physiological parameters, including fever, heart rate, complete blood count, and bacteremia; and evaluated the PCR assay and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay for the biomarkers protective antigen and capsule. The results demonstrated that although there were neither objective clinical nor physiological signs that consistently identified either infection or the onset of clinical anthrax disease, the African green monkey is a suitable animal model exhibiting a disease course similar to that observed in the rhesus model and humans. We also demonstrated that detection of the biomarkers protective antigen and capsule correlated with bacterial loads in the blood of these nonhuman primates. The ECL immunoassay described here is simple and sensitive enough to provide results in one to two hours, making this assay a viable option for use in the diagnosis of anthrax, leading to timely initiation of treatment, which is a key component of\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            therapeutic development.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00520-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,14]],"date-time":"2008-10-14T00:26:24Z","timestamp":1223943984000},"page":"5790-5801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Identification of a Surrogate Marker for Infection in the African Green Monkey Model of Inhalation Anthrax"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Cynthia A.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostics Systems Division"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostics Systems Division"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Support Division"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas S.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aerobiological Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise M.","family":"Pitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aerobiological Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth K.","family":"Leffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aerobiological Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/br.25.3.268-273.1961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53698-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"515","volume":"43","year":"1962","unstructured":"Berdjis, C. C., C. A. Gleiser, H. A. Hartmen, R. W. Kuehne, and W. S. Gochenour. 1962. Pathogenesis of respiratory anthrax in Macaca mulatta. Br. J. Exp. Pathol.43:515-524.","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"37","volume":"43","year":"1993","unstructured":"Binhazim, A. A., S. S. Shin, W. L. Chapman, Jr., and J. Olobo. 1993. Comparative susceptibility of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) to experimental infection with Leishmania leishmania donovani and Leishmania leishmania infantum. Lab. Anim. Sci.43:37-47.","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1980.tb18910.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.052522"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.140655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4859-4862.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314769"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00575-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"43","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ezzell, J. W., T. G. Abshire, and C. Brown. 1999. Analysis of Bacillus anthracis vegetative cell surface antigens and of serum protease cleavage of protective antigen, p. 43-44. InProceedings of the International Workshop on Anthrax, 1990. Salisbury Printing Co., Wiltshire, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Anthrax, 1990."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"CFR title 21 food and drugs\u2014part 314."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.95.3.919-924.1968"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550050061035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"335","volume":"20","year":"2000","unstructured":"Friedlander, A. M. 2000. Anthrax: clinical features, pathogenesis, and potential biological warfare threat. Curr. Clin. Top. Infect. Dis.20:335-349.","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Top. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"691","volume":"73","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fritz, D. L., N. K. Jaax, W. B. Lawrence, K. J. Davis, M. L. Pitt, J. W. Ezzell, and A. M. Friedlander. 1995. Pathology of experimental inhalation anthrax in the rhesus monkey. Lab. Investig.73:691-702.","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502733102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"52","volume":"47","year":"2008","unstructured":"Foster, C. D., T. C. Hunter, P. H. Gibbs, and E. K. Leffel. 2008. Comparison of whole-body plethysmography in jacketed and non-jacketed African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci.47:52-55.","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"58","volume":"46","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gamble, C. S., K. O. Jacobsen, E. K. Leffel, and M. L. Pitt. 2007. Use of a low-concentration heparin solution to extend the life of central venous catheters in African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci.46:58-60.","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"416","volume":"44","year":"1963","unstructured":"Gleiser, C. A., C. C. Berdjis, H. A. Hartman, and W. S. Gochenour. 1963. Pathology of experimental respiratory anthrax in Macaca mulatta. Br. J. Exp. Pathol.44:416-426.","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.49.2.291-297.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/164.12.833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2003.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2004.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-4-200602210-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00217-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90027-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)80112-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(99)00234-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00792-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.1992.tb00608.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.10.3162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"63","year":"1985","unstructured":"Leppla, S. H., B. E. Ivins, and J. W. Ezzell. 1985. Anthrax toxin, p 63-66. In D. Schlessinger (ed.), Microbiology\u20141985. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.","journal-title":"Microbiology\u20141985."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2008.00581.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.7.1807-1813.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.39.1.371-376.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2003.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"135","volume":"152","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mourez, M. 2004. Anthrax toxins. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol.152:135-164.","journal-title":"Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","unstructured":"National Research Council. 1996. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. National Academy Press Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)02147-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.10.4858-4867.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","unstructured":"Public Workshop on Animal Models and Correlates of Protection for Plague Vaccines. 2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/382281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/444397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/519391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.16.5188-5192.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.6.1070-1075.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.44-5-716"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","first-page":"363","volume":"131","year":"1985","unstructured":"Uchida, I., T. Sekizaki, K. Hashimoto, and N. Terakado. 1985. Association of the encapsulation of Bacillus anthracis with a 60 megadalton plasmid. J. Gen. Microbiol.131:363-367.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000080599.43791.01"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00520-08","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00520-08","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T07:25:03Z","timestamp":1646465103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00520-08"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00520-08"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00520-08","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-04-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-10-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-12-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}