{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T18:37:42Z","timestamp":1773772662812,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            As the disease caused by\n            <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            continues to be a burden, there is a concerted effort to find new vaccines to combat this problem. One of the important vaccine strategies is whole bacterial vaccines. This approach relies on multiple antigens and built-in adjuvanticity. Other mycobacterial strains which share cross-reactive antigens with\n            <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            have been considered as alternatives to\n            <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n            for vaccine use. One such strain, \u201c\n            <jats:italic>Mycobacterium w<\/jats:italic>\n            \u201d, had been evaluated for its immunomodulatory properties in leprosy. A vaccine against leprosy based on killed\n            <jats:italic>M. w<\/jats:italic>\n            is approved for human use, where it has resulted in clinical improvement, accelerated bacterial clearance, and increased immune responses to\n            <jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic>\n            antigens.\n            <jats:italic>M. w<\/jats:italic>\n            shares antigens not only with\n            <jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic>\n            but also with\n            <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            , and initial studies have shown that vaccination with killed\n            <jats:italic>M. w<\/jats:italic>\n            induces protection against tuberculosis in\n            <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>\n            BCG responder, as well as BCG nonresponder, strains of mice. Hence, we further studied the protective potential of\n            <jats:italic>M. w<\/jats:italic>\n            and the underlying immune responses in the mouse model of tuberculosis. We analyzed the protective efficacy of\n            <jats:italic>M. w<\/jats:italic>\n            immunization in both live and killed forms through the parenteral route and by aerosol immunization, compared with that of BCG. Our findings provide evidence that\n            <jats:italic>M. w<\/jats:italic>\n            has potential protective efficacy against\n            <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis. M. w<\/jats:italic>\n            activates macrophage activity, as well as lymphocytes.\n            <jats:italic>M. w<\/jats:italic>\n            immunization by both the parenteral route and aerosol adminstration gives higher protection than BCG given by the parenteral route in the mouse model of tuberculosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00526-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,4]],"date-time":"2008-11-04T01:58:59Z","timestamp":1225763939000},"page":"223-231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of \u201c\n            <i>Mycobacterium w<\/i>\n            \u201d against\n            <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n            in Mice Immunized with Live versus Heat-Killed\n            <i>M. w<\/i>\n            by the Aerosol or Parenteral Route"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Ankan","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nishamol","family":"Geetha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiju","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pramod","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V. M.","family":"Katoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, UP 282001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Natrajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, UP 282001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U. D.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, UP 282001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Bhaskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/420748a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(03)00023-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(99)01468-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.4.1111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.238-246.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2000.00937.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/01313dd03"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00134-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.93"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"202","volume":"63","year":"1995","unstructured":"Katoch, K., and V. 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