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However, for certain patients, they can cause severe and sometimes fatal infections. Previous research has indicated that GBS and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      can synergize to enhance the colonization of GBS in the bladders of mice, but not much was known prior to this study about how interactions between GBS and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      alter treatment effectiveness and infection outcome\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Results showed that interactions between the two opportunistic pathogens were influenced by media nutrient availability and that the presence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a culture reduces the effectiveness of certain antibiotics against GBS\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This study also utilized a larval zebrafish model to investigate differences in virulence in solo infections vs co-infections with both pathogens\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Co-infections of GBS and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      into the otic vesicle were found to have increased virulence compared to solo infections of either pathogen. Co-infection also led to an increased GBS burden compared to solo GBS infections. Co-infections of GBS and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      by yolk sac injection were not more virulent than solo infections with either pathogen. However, the antibiotic clindamycin was less effective in preventing mortality in co-infections compared to solo GBS infections. Overall, these findings highlight how interactions between GBS and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      can influence treatment effectiveness and virulence during infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00528-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:00:45Z","timestamp":1767794445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Interactions between\n                    <i>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Candida albicans<\/i>\n                    affect persistence and virulence"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Patenaude","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01adr0w49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine","place":["Orono, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe N.","family":"Bossow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01adr0w49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine","place":["Orono, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01adr0w49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine","place":["Orono, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"St-Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01adr0w49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine","place":["Orono, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3223-7021","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert T.","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01adr0w49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine","place":["Orono, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2125-7836","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Melody N.","family":"Neely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01adr0w49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine","place":["Orono, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04266.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-197901000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(76)90329-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199306243282503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/131.supplement.s9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease--revised guidelines from CDC, 2010","volume":"59","author":"Verani JR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2010. 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