{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:53:07Z","timestamp":1791103987505,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,1]],"date-time":"2010-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1285891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Sublingual (SL) immunization has been described as an effective novel way to induce mucosal immune responses in the respiratory and genital tracts. We examined the potential of SL immunization against\n            <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            to stimulate immune responses in the gastrointestinal mucosa and protect against\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            infection. Mice received two SL immunizations with\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            lysate antigens and cholera toxin as an adjuvant, and after challenge with live\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            bacteria, their immune responses and protection were evaluated, as were immune responses prior to challenge. SL immunization induced enhanced proliferative responses to\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            antigens in cervicomandibular lymph nodes and provided at least the same level of immune responses and protection as corresponding intragastric immunization. Protection in SL-immunized mice was associated with strong\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            -specific serum IgG and IgA antibody responses in the stomach and intestine, with strong proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) production by spleen and mesenteric lymph node T cells stimulated with\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            antigens\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            , and with increased IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17 gene expression in the stomach compared to levels in infected unimmunized mice. Immunohistochemical studies showed enhanced infiltration of CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells and CD19\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            B cells into the\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected stomach mucosa of SL-immunized but not unimmunized\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected mice, which coincided with increased expression of the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM-1) and T and B cell-attracting chemokines CXCL10 and CCL28. We conclude that, in mice, SL immunization can effectively induce protection against\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            infection in association with strong T and B cell infiltration into the stomach.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00536-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,10]],"date-time":"2010-08-10T02:49:13Z","timestamp":1281408553000},"page":"4251-4260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Sublingual Immunization Protects against\n            <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n            Infection and Induces T and B Cell Responses in the Stomach"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Sukanya","family":"Raghavan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Karin","family":"O\u0308stberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl-Fredrik","family":"Flach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelie","family":"Ekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margareta","family":"Blomquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecil","family":"Czerkinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, 151818 Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Holmgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.12.6977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.8.5024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"J. 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