{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:11:17Z","timestamp":1790118677825,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              The obligate intracellular bacterium\n              <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n              has a unique developmental cycle that alternates between two contrasting cell types. With a hardy envelope and highly condensed genome, the small elementary body (EB) maintains limited metabolic activities yet survives in extracellular environments and is infectious. After entering host cells, EBs differentiate into larger and proliferating reticulate bodies (RBs). Progeny EBs are derived from RBs in late developmental stages and eventually exit host cells. How expression of the chlamydial genome consisting of nearly 1,000 genes governs the chlamydial developmental cycle is unclear. A previous microarray study identified only 29\n              <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n              immediate early genes, defined as genes with increased expression during the first hour postinoculation in cultured cells. In this study, we performed more sensitive RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis for\n              <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n              cultures with high multiplicities of infection. Remarkably, we observed well over 700\n              <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n              .\n              <jats:italic>trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n              genes that underwent 2- to 900-fold activation within 1 hour postinoculation. Quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR analysis was further used to validate the activated expression of a large subset of the genes identified by RNA-Seq. Importantly, our results demonstrate that the immediate early transcriptome is over 20 times more extensive than previously realized. Gene ontology analysis indicates that the activated expression spans all functional categories. We conclude that over 70% of\n              <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n              genes are activated in EBs almost immediately upon entry into host cells, thus implicating their importance in initiating rapid differentiation into RBs and establishing an intracellular niche conducive with chlamydial development and growth.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00539-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T14:00:34Z","timestamp":1706796034000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Expression activation of over 70% of\n            <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\n            genes during the first hour of infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7853-0130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wurihan","family":"Wurihan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0771-1078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7046-9854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Fondell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2087-2709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei Vivian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7053-5009","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guangming","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4903-926X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huizhou","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2023. 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