{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:22:48Z","timestamp":1789726968809,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The essential toxin in\n            <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n            -mediated gas gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis is alpha-toxin, although other toxins and extracellular enzymes may also be involved. In many bacterial pathogens extracellular sialidases are important virulence factors, and it has been suggested that sialidases may play a role in gas gangrene.\n            <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n            strains have combinations of three different sialidase genes, two of which,\n            <jats:italic>nanI and nanJ<\/jats:italic>\n            , encode secreted sialidases. The\n            <jats:italic>nanI<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>nanJ<\/jats:italic>\n            genes were insertionally inactivated by homologous recombination in derivatives of sequenced strain 13 and were shown to encode two functional secreted sialidases, NanI and NanJ. Analysis of these derivatives showed that NanI was the major sialidase in this organism. Mutation of\n            <jats:italic>nanI<\/jats:italic>\n            resulted in loss of most of the secreted sialidase activity, and the residual activity was eliminated by subsequent mutation of the\n            <jats:italic>nanJ<\/jats:italic>\n            gene. Only a slight reduction in the total sialidase activity was observed in a\n            <jats:italic>nanJ<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant. Cytotoxicity assays using the B16 melanoma cell line showed that supernatants containing NanI or overexpressing NanJ enhanced alpha-toxin-mediated cytotoxicity. Finally, the ability of\n            <jats:italic>nanI<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>nanJ<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>nanIJ<\/jats:italic>\n            mutants to cause disease was assessed in a mouse myonecrosis model. No attenuation of virulence was observed for any of these strains, providing evidence that neither the NanI sialidase nor the NanJ sialidase is essential for virulence.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00548-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,4]],"date-time":"2009-08-04T16:07:37Z","timestamp":1249402057000},"page":"4421-4428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The NanI and NanJ Sialidases of\n            <i>Clostridium perfringens<\/i>\n            Are Not Essential for Virulence"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Chiarezza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Group and ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dena","family":"Lyras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Group and ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sacha J.","family":"Pidot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Group and ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marietta","family":"Flores-Di\u0301az","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena M.","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Group and ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine L.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Group and ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne M.","family":"Cordner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Group and ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongted","family":"Phumoonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Group and ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Group and ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith L.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Group and ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Emmins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Monash University, Prahan, Victoria 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Alape-Giro\u0301n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Estructuras Microsco\u0301picas (CIEMic) and Departamento de Bioqui\u0301mica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose\u0301, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian I.","family":"Rood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Group and ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, 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