{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T13:00:57Z","timestamp":1791032457472,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]],"date-time":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The probiotic approach represents an alternative strategy in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, not only at the intestinal level but also at other sites of the body where the microbiota plays a role in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. In this context, we evaluated\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    the potential abilities of probiotic and dairy bacteria in controlling\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections at the pharyngeal level. Initially, we analyzed bacterial adhesion to FaDu hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells and the ability to antagonize\n                    <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    on FaDu cell layers and HaCat keratinocytes. Due to its promising adhesive and antagonistic features, we studied the dairy strain\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus helveticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    MIMLh5, also through\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    immunological experiments. First, we performed quantification of several cytokines and measurement of NF-\u03baB activation in FaDu cells. MIMLh5 efficiently reduced the induction of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), in a dose-dependent manner. After stimulation of cells with IL-1\u03b2, active NF-\u03baB was still markedly lowered. Nevertheless, we observed an increased secretion of IL-6, gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) under these conditions. These effects were associated with the ability of MIMLh5 to enhance the expression of the heat shock protein coding gene\n                    <jats:italic>hsp70<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In addition, MIMLh5 increased the GM-CSF\/G-CSF ratio. This is compatible with a switch of the immune response toward a TH1 pathway, as supported by our observation that MIMLh5, once in contact with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, triggered the secretion of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-2. In conclusion, we propose MIMLh5 as a potential probiotic bacterium for the human pharynx, with promising antagonistic and immunomodulatory properties.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00559-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,23]],"date-time":"2010-08-23T22:28:49Z","timestamp":1282602529000},"page":"4734-4743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A Dairy Bacterium Displays\n                    <i>I<\/i>\n                    <i>n<\/i>\n                    <i>V<\/i>\n                    <i>itro<\/i>\n                    Probiotic Properties for the Pharyngeal Mucosa by Antagonizing Group A Streptococci and Modulating the Immune Response"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Guglielmetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Taverniti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Minuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Universita\u0300 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Arioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Zanoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Universita\u0300 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milda","family":"Stuknyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Granucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Universita\u0300 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Karp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(02)00112-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00533-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.8.2484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5234.286"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.108.053280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.4.1496-1499.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.6.949"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"585","volume":"75","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bonifait, L., F. 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