{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T21:09:57Z","timestamp":1789938597672,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX\n            <jats:sub>Vv<\/jats:sub>\n            ) toxin of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio vulnificus<\/jats:named-content>\n            plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of this bacterium through delivery of up to five effector domains to the host cells. Previous studies have established that the MARTX\n            <jats:sub>Vv<\/jats:sub>\n            toxin is linked to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. vulnificus<\/jats:named-content>\n            dependent induction of apoptosis, but the region of the large multifunction protein essential for this activity was not previously identified. Recently, we showed that the Makes Caterpillar Floppy-like MARTX effector domain (MCF\n            <jats:sub>Vv<\/jats:sub>\n            ) is an autoproteolytic cysteine protease that induces rounding of various cell types. In this study, we demonstrate that cell rounding induced by MCF\n            <jats:sub>Vv<\/jats:sub>\n            is coupled to reduced metabolic rate and inhibition of cellular proliferation. Moreover, delivery of MCF\n            <jats:sub>Vv<\/jats:sub>\n            into host cells either as a fusion to the N-terminal fragment of anthrax toxin lethal factor or when naturally delivered as a\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. vulnificus<\/jats:named-content>\n            MARTX toxin led to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome\n            <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n            , activation of Bax and Bak, and processing of caspases and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-\u03b3). These studies specifically link the MCF\n            <jats:sub>Vv<\/jats:sub>\n            effector domain to induction of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. vulnificus<\/jats:named-content>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00570-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,9]],"date-time":"2015-09-09T02:15:51Z","timestamp":1441764951000},"page":"4392-4403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Makes Caterpillars Floppy (MCF)-Like Domain of Vibrio vulnificus Induces Mitochondrion-Mediated Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Shivangi","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeuming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Gius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla J. 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