{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:33:34Z","timestamp":1787016814796,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Koshiyama Science and Art Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013127","name":"SEI Group CSR Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013127","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005865","name":"Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Infectious microorganisms often modify host immunity to escape from immune elimination.\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichinella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    is a unique nematode of the helminth family, whose members parasitize the muscle cells inside the host without robust eliminative reactions. There are several species of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichinella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ; some develop in muscle cells that become encapsulated (e.g.,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ) and others in cells that do not encapsulate (e.g.,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichinella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">pseudospiralis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ). It has already been established that\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichinella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection affects host immune responses in several experimental immune diseases in animal models; however, most of those studies were done using\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. spiralis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection. As host immune responses to\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. spiralis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. pseudospiralis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infections have been reported to be different, it is necessary to clarify how\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. pseudospiralis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection influences the host immune responses. In this study, we investigated the influence on host humoral immunity in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. pseudospiralis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    -infected mice. We demonstrated that\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. pseudospiralis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection decreased antigen-specific IgG2a and IgG2b antibody (Ab) production in mice immunized with a model antigen. This selective decrease in gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3)-dependent Ab production was not due to a decrease in IFN-\u03b3 production, and we instead found impaired follicular helper T (Tfh) cell differentiation. The affinity maturation of antigen-specific Ab tended to be delayed but was not significant in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. pseudospiralis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    -infected mice. We also observed that CD11b\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    spleen cells in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. pseudospiralis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    -infected mice expressed CD206 and PD-L2, the phenotype of which was M2 macrophages with weak production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), possibly resulting in impaired Tfh differentiation. Taken together, our results indicate that nonencapsulated\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichinella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection induces selective dampening in humoral immunity with the suppression of Tfh differentiation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00597-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]],"date-time":"2016-10-11T12:59:00Z","timestamp":1476190740000},"page":"3550-3556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Nonencapsulated Trichinella pseudospiralis Infection Impairs Follicular Helper T Cell Differentiation with Subclass-Selective Decreases in Antibody Responses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Kazunobu","family":"Asano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiliang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyarat","family":"Srinontong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahide","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan"},{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 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