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The bacterial pathogen\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n                    causes spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and preterm labor in humans and serves as a model for placental pathogenesis. Given the unique immunological environment of the maternal-fetal interface, we hypothesized that virulence determinants with placental tropism are required for infection of this tissue. We performed a genomic screen in pregnant guinea pigs that led to the identification of 201 listerial genes important for infection of the placenta but not maternal liver. Among these genes was\n                    <jats:italic>lmrg1778<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>lmo2470<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), here named\n                    <jats:italic>inlP<\/jats:italic>\n                    , predicted to encode a secreted protein that belongs to the internalin family. InlP is conserved in virulent\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n                    strains but absent in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria<\/jats:named-content>\n                    species that are nonpathogenic for humans. The intracellular life cycle of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n                    deficient in\n                    <jats:italic>inlP<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\u0394\n                    <jats:italic>inlP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was not impaired. In guinea pigs and mice, InlP increased the placental bacterial burden by a factor of 3 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    while having only a minor role in other maternal organs. Furthermore, the \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>inlP<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain was attenuated in intracellular growth in primary human placental organ cultures and trophoblasts. InlP is a novel virulence factor for listeriosis with a strong tropism for the placenta. This virulence factor represents a tool for the development of new modalities to prevent and treat infection-related pregnancy complications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00625-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]],"date-time":"2016-10-11T12:59:00Z","timestamp":1476190740000},"page":"3584-3596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["InlP, a New Virulence Factor with Strong Placental Tropism"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Faralla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle A.","family":"Rizzuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byoungkwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence R.","family":"Shiow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna I.","family":"Bakardjiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-100003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002804"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"320","article-title":"Some immunological and endocrinological problems raised by the evolution of viviparity in vertebrates","volume":"7","author":"Medawar PB","year":"1953","unstructured":"Medawar PB. 1953. 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