{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:07:42Z","timestamp":1784603262684,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the bacterial species most frequently isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis (BV), produces a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC), vaginolysin (VLY). At sublytic concentrations, CDCs may initiate complex signaling cascades crucial to target cell survival. Using live-cell imaging, we observed the rapid formation of large membrane blebs in human vaginal and cervical epithelial cells (VK2 and HeLa cells) exposed to recombinant VLY toxin and to cell-free supernatants from growing liquid cultures of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">G. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Binding of VLY to its human-specific receptor (hCD59) is required for bleb formation, as antibody inhibition of either toxin or hCD59 abrogates this response, and transfection of nonhuman cells (CHO-K1) with hCD59 renders them susceptible to toxin-induced membrane blebbing. Disruption of the pore formation process (by exposure to pore-deficient toxoids or pretreatment of cells with methyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin) or osmotic protection of target cells inhibits VLY-induced membrane blebbing. These results indicate that the formation of functional pores drives the observed ultrastructural rearrangements. Rapid bleb formation may represent a conserved response of epithelial cells to sublytic quantities of pore-forming toxins, and VLY-induced epithelial cell membrane blebbing in the vaginal mucosa may play a role in the pathogenesis of BV.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00627-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T05:24:33Z","timestamp":1380605073000},"page":"4544-4550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Vaginolysin Drives Epithelial Ultrastructural Responses to Gardnerella vaginalis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Tara M.","family":"Randis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Zaklama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"LaRocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand C. 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