{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:59:57Z","timestamp":1785427197797,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>In the early 19th century, the Scottish obstetrician James Young Simpson (1811\u20131870), using an archived placental sample, very probably described for the first time, a case of malaria pigmentation. The sample, taken at 4 months gestation, would have resulted from an abortive pregnancy or maternal death. Black pigmentation of tissues had been previously described, but not in the placenta, although a possible association of morbidity with malaria infection in pregnant women had been considered, even by Hippocrates. This paper outlines the observations he made in what was the first academic review of placental pathology, which were presented in 1835 at his inaugural lecture as President of the Royal Edinburgh Medical Society. The background context of malaria in Scotland in the early 19th century is reviewed, as is the historic importance of Simpson\u2019s paper in first pioneering an understanding of placental inflammation and infection. Unknowingly, he was observing the consequences of one of the most important pregnancy infections to affect maternal and child health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00627-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:00:11Z","timestamp":1771855211000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Placental malaria in nineteenth-century Scotland"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6860-2508","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bernard John","family":"Brabin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03svjbs84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04xs57h96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool","place":["Neston, United Kingdom"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04dkp9463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam","place":["Amsterdam, the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"John F. Fulton Lecture","author":"Risse G","year":"1988","unstructured":"Risse G. 1988. The historian as sleuth: malaria in Scotland. Dec 9th, 1988, updated and published Aug 2014 on gbrisse.com. Risse MalariaScotland.pdf. John F. Fulton Lecture. Yale Univ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"168","article-title":"Ague as malaria (an essay on the history of two medical terms)","volume":"79","author":"Bruce-Chwatt LJ","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bruce-Chwatt LJ. 1976. Ague as malaria (an essay on the history of two medical terms). J Trop Med Hyg 79:168\u2013176.","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Malaria in England: a geographical and historical perspective","volume":"36","author":"Dobson MJ","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dobson MJ. 1994. Malaria in England: a geographical and historical perspective. Parassitologia 36:35\u201360.","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Analysis of the statistical account of Scotland with a general view of the history of that country. Part 1","author":"Sinclair J","year":"1831","unstructured":"Sinclair J. 1831. Edited by W Tait. Analysis of the statistical account of Scotland with a general view of the history of that country. Part 1, p 135\u2013136. Edinburgh."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)66740-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Malaria and mosquitoes in Britain: the effect of global climate change","volume":"4","author":"Snow K","year":"1999","unstructured":"Snow K. 1999. Malaria and mosquitoes in Britain: the effect of global climate change. European Mosquito Bull 4:17\u201325.","journal-title":"European Mosquito Bull"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0601.000101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-7488(80)90145-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076813482256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Duncan A. 1818. Reports of the practice in the clinical wards of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh during the months November and December 1817 January May June July 1818. Edinburgh"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Perry R. 1844. Facts and observations on the Sanitary State of Glasgow during the last year with statistical tables of the late epidemic shewing the connection between poverty disease and crime. Glasgow. Glasgow Royal Asylum for Lunatics Gartnavel."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","volume-title":"Malaria and Ankylostomiasis in the pregnant women, their more serious complications and sequelae","author":"Wickramasuriya GAW","year":"1937","unstructured":"Wickramasuriya GAW. 1937. Malaria and Ankylostomiasis in the pregnant women, their more serious complications and sequelae. Oxford Univ Press, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","volume-title":"Rationis Medendi, in Nosocomio practico Vindobonensi","author":"Stoll M","year":"1786","unstructured":"Stoll M. 1786. Quoted by Laveran reference. 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