{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:10:37Z","timestamp":1790208637984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The fungal pathogen<jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>causes approximately one million cases of cryptococcosis per year in people with AIDS. In contrast, the related species<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>is responsible for a much smaller number of cases, but these often occur in immunocompetent people. In fact,<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>has emerged in the last decade as the frequent cause of cryptococcosis in otherwise healthy people in British Columbia. We analyzed the immune responses elicited by three<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>strains and one<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>strain in mice as a first step toward understanding why<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>is able to cause disease in immunocompetent hosts. The<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>strains all induced a less protective inflammatory response in C57BL\/6 mice by inhibiting or failing to provoke the migration of neutrophils to sites of infection. The<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>strains also failed to elicit the production of protective cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, compared to the ability of the<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>strain. Despite these differences, the strain representing the major outbreak genotype from British Columbia showed a virulence equivalent to that of the<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>strain, while two other<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>strains had reduced virulence. Taken together, our results indicate that<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>strains thrive in immunocompetent hosts by evading or suppressing the protective immune responses that normally limit the progression of disease caused by<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00628-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,28]],"date-time":"2009-07-28T01:10:28Z","timestamp":1248743428000},"page":"4284-4294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["<i>Cryptococcus gattii<\/i>Isolates from the British Columbia Cryptococcosis Outbreak Induce Less Protective Inflammation in a Murine Model of Infection than<i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Po-Yan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Sham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Kronstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46620-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.10.6346"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-008-0011-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldh043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.9.5175-5180.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2006.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Cryptococcus neoformans. 1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3836","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.10.3836","volume":"156","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chaturvedi, V., B. 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