{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T20:54:01Z","timestamp":1789937641473,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI121989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI121989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>\n            has been detected in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. We now report that gastrointestinal\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia muridarum<\/jats:named-content>\n            is able to induce robust transmucosal protection in mice.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>\n            colonization in the gastrointestinal tract correlated with both a shortened course of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>\n            genital tract infection and stronger protection against subsequent genital tract challenge infection. Mice preinoculated intragastrically with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>\n            became highly resistant to subsequent\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection in the genital tract, resulting in prevention of pathology in the upper genital tract. The transmucosal protection in the genital tract was rapidly induced, durable, and dependent on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen presentation but not MHC class I antigen presentation. Although a deficiency in CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells only partially reduced the transmucosal protection, depletion of CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells from B cell-deficient mice completely abolished the protection, suggesting a synergistic role of both CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T and B cells in the gastrointestinal\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>\n            -induced transmucosal immunity. However, the same protective immunity did not significantly affect\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>\n            colonization in the gastrointestinal tract. The long-lasting colonization with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>\n            was restricted to the gastrointestinal tract and was nonpathogenic to either gastrointestinal or extragastrointestinal tissues. Furthermore, gastrointestinal\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>\n            did not alter the gut microbiota or the development of gut mucosal resident memory T cell responses to a nonchlamydial infection. Thus,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>\n            may be developed into a safe and orally deliverable replicating vaccine for inducing transmucosal protection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00630-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T16:33:15Z","timestamp":1510590795000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Nonpathogenic Colonization with Chlamydia in the Gastrointestinal Tract as Oral Vaccination for Inducing Transmucosal Protection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Luying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuiming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9747-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangming","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-014-0585-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000175"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu831"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415586317"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01244-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155880"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","volume-title":"Chlamydial infections","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2015","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. 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