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The molecular pathways that are important in initiating host inflammatory and immune responses to<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>are poorly understood. Here we report interactions of human cervicovaginal epithelial cells with the most abundant cell surface glycoconjugate of the parasite, the<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>lipophosphoglycan (LPG). Purified LPG mediated the adhesion of parasites to human vaginal epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore,<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>LPG (but not LPG from<jats:italic>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of bovine trichomoniasis) induced a selective upregulation of chemotactic cytokines by human endocervical, ectocervical, and vaginal epithelial cells, which do not express Toll-like receptor 4\/MD2. The<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>LPG triggered interleukin 8 (IL-8), which promotes the adhesion and transmigration of neutrophils across the endothelium, and macrophage inflammatory protein 3\u03b1, which is a chemoattractant for immune cells and is essential for dendritic cell maturation. These effects were dose dependent and sustained in the absence of cytotoxicity and IL-1\u03b2 release and utilized, at least in part, a signaling pathway independent from the Toll-like\/IL-1 receptor adaptor protein MyD88.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00631-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,20]],"date-time":"2006-09-20T23:06:35Z","timestamp":1158793595000},"page":"5773-5779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>Lipophosphoglycan Triggers a Selective Upregulation of Cytokines by Human Female Reproductive Tract Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Raina N.","family":"Fichorova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radiana T.","family":"Trifonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert O.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary R.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bibhuti N.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612805666230109213039","volume":"5","year":"1999","unstructured":"Atta-ur-Rahman, K. 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