{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:00:43Z","timestamp":1790413243616,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI061310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI061310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The\n            <jats:italic>CPS1<\/jats:italic>\n            gene was identified as a virulence factor in the maize pathogen\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cochliobolus heterostrophus<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Hypothesizing that the homologous gene in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coccidioides posadasii<\/jats:named-content>\n            could be important for virulence, we created a \u0394\n            <jats:italic>cps1<\/jats:italic>\n            deletion mutant which was unable to cause disease in three strains of mice (C57BL\/6, BALB\/c, or the severely immunodeficient NOD-\n            <jats:italic>scid<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\u03b3\n            <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\n              <jats:italic>null<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:sup>\n            [NSG]). Only a single colony was recovered from 1 of 60 C57BL\/6 mice following intranasal infections of up to 4,400 spores. Following administration of very high doses (10,000 to 2.5 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n            spores) to NSG and BALB\/c mice, spherules were observed in lung sections at time points from day 3 to day 10 postinfection, but nearly all appeared degraded with infrequent endosporulation. Although the role of\n            <jats:italic>CPS1<\/jats:italic>\n            in virulence is not understood, phenotypic alterations and transcription differences of at least 33 genes in the \u0394\n            <jats:italic>cps1<\/jats:italic>\n            strain versus\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. posadasii<\/jats:named-content>\n            is consistent with both metabolic and regulatory functions for the gene. The\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            phenotype of the \u0394\n            <jats:italic>cps1<\/jats:italic>\n            strain showed slower growth of mycelia with delayed and lower spore production than\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. posadasii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            spherules were smaller. Vaccination of C57BL\/6 or BALB\/c mice with live \u0394\n            <jats:italic>cps1<\/jats:italic>\n            spores either intranasally, intraperitoneally, or subcutaneously resulted in over 95% survival with mean residual lung fungal burdens of &lt;1,000 CFU from an otherwise lethal\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. posadasii<\/jats:named-content>\n            intranasal infection. Considering its apparently complete attenuation of virulence and the high degree of resistance to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. posadasii<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection when used as a vaccine, the \u0394\n            <jats:italic>cps1<\/jats:italic>\n            strain is a promising vaccine candidate for preventing coccidioidomycosis in humans or other animals.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00633-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T03:05:13Z","timestamp":1470107113000},"page":"3007-3016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["A\n            <i>Coccidioides posadasii CPS1<\/i>\n            Deletion Mutant Is Avirulent and Protects Mice from Lethal Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Hema P.","family":"Narra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa F.","family":"Shubitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"The Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Alejandra","family":"Mandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"The Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hien T.","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"The Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam S.","family":"Buntzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Frelinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Galgiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc J.","family":"Orbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"The Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3730-3_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071406098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00005-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Fungal dimorphism\u2013with emphasis on fungi pathogenic for humans","author":"Cole GT","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cole GT, Sun SH. 1985. 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