{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T04:30:21Z","timestamp":1781929821667,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]],"date-time":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rationale for the present study was to determine how different species of bacteria interact with cells of the human meninges in order to gain information that would have broad relevance to understanding aspects of the innate immune response in the brain.<jats:italic>Neisseria lactamica<\/jats:italic>is an occasional cause of meningitis in humans, and in this study we investigated the in vitro interactions between<jats:italic>N. lactamica<\/jats:italic>and cells derived from the leptomeninges in comparison with the closely related organism<jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>, a major cause of meningitis worldwide.<jats:italic>N. lactamica<\/jats:italic>adhered specifically to meningioma cells, but the levels of adherence were generally lower than those with<jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>. Meningioma cells challenged with<jats:italic>N. lactamica<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>secreted significant amounts of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), the C-X-C chemokine IL-8, and the C-C chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and RANTES, but it secreted very low levels of the cytokine growth factor granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Thus, meningeal cells are involved in the innate host response to<jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>species that are capable of entering the cerebrospinal fluid. The levels of IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion induced by both bacteria were essentially similar. By contrast,<jats:italic>N. lactamica<\/jats:italic>induced significantly lower levels of IL-6 than<jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>. Challenge with the highest concentration of<jats:italic>N. lactamica<\/jats:italic>(10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>CFU) induced a small but significant down-regulation of RANTES secretion, which was not observed with lower concentrations of bacteria.<jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>(10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>to 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>CFU) also down-regulated RANTES secretion, but this effect was significantly greater than that observed with<jats:italic>N. lactamica<\/jats:italic>. Although both bacteria were unable to invade meningeal cells directly, host cells remained viable on prolonged challenge with<jats:italic>N. lactamica<\/jats:italic>, whereas<jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>induced death; the mechanism was overwhelming necrosis with no significant apoptosis. It is likely that differential expression of modulins between<jats:italic>N. lactamica<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>contributes to these observed differences in pathogenic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00644-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,20]],"date-time":"2006-10-20T22:57:47Z","timestamp":1161385067000},"page":"6467-6478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Comparison of the Inflammatory Responses of Human Meningeal Cells following Challenge with<i>Neisseria lactamica<\/i>and with<i>Neisseria meningitidis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Mark\u2009I.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology Group, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, Mailpoint 814, University of Southampton Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiave Y. Ho Wang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly E.","family":"Humphries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology Group, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, Mailpoint 814, University of Southampton Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Heckels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology Group, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, Mailpoint 814, University of Southampton Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myron","family":"Christodoulides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology Group, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, Mailpoint 814, University of Southampton Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07524-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1999.0325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.06.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1988.tb00862.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00530.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.2.333-337.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00013542-199604000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.3.650"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(87)92703-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"115","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cartwright, K. A. V. 1995. Meningococcal carriage and disease, p. 115-146. In K. A. V. Cartwright (ed.), Meningococcal disease. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Meningococcal disease"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"1","year":"2002","unstructured":"Christodoulides, M., J. E. Heckels, and R. O. Weller. 2002. The role of the leptomeninges in meningococcal meningitis, p. 1-37. In C. Ferreiros, M. T. Criado, and J. Vazquez (ed.), Emerging strategies in the fight against meningitis. Horizon Press, Norfolk, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Emerging strategies in the fight against meningitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4035-4044.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00190-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(98)01365-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.5.1045-1049.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.2.216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.141.2.297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)41763-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-4010(95)90085-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01255.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(96)00214-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02202111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1991.tb00739.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00382.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.1.140","volume":"143","year":"1989","unstructured":"Geissler, K., M. Harrington, C. Srivastava, T. Leemhuis, G. Tricot, and H. E. Broxmeyer. 1989. Effects of recombinant human colony stimulating factors (Csf) (granulocyte-macrophage Csf, granulocyte Csf, and Csf-1) on human monocyte macrophage differentiation. J. Immunol.143:140-146.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"113","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gray, F., and P. Nordmann. 1997. Bacterial infections, p. 113-156. In D. I. Graham and P. L. Lantos (ed.), Greenfields neuropathology: infections. Arnold, London, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Greenfields neuropathology: infections"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"1061","volume":"93","year":"1978","unstructured":"Greenberg, L. W., and E. Kleinerman. 1978. Neisseria lactamica meningitis. J. Pediatr.93:1061-1062.","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb05953.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"491","volume":"299","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hansman, D. 1978. Meningitis caused by Neisseria lactamica. N. Engl. J. Med.299:491.","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01923.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.154.1.269-277.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.17.1.71-77.1969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00471.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"198","volume":"130","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lauer, B. A., and C. E. Fisher. 1976. Neisseria lactamica meningitis. Am. J. Dis. Child.130:198-199.","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0200903"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01932.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.8.1049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.16.9070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91297-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02005462"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.7063-7072.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.11.6119-6129.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70102-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00410.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90587-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.17.5.934-935.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.4.568"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","first-page":"325","volume":"56","year":"1980","unstructured":"Telferbrunton, W. A., H. Young, and D. R. K. Fraser. 1980. Isolation of Neisseria Lactamica from the female genital tract - a case report. Br. J. Vener. Dis.56:325-326.","journal-title":"Br. J. Vener. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","first-page":"2483","volume":"132","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tinsley, C. R., and J. E. Heckels. 1986. Variation in the expression of pili and outer membrane protein by Neisseria meningitidis during the course of meningococcal infection. J. Gen. Microbiol.132:2483-2490.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-5-1467"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(99)80006-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","first-page":"312","volume":"122","year":"2000","unstructured":"Uronen, H., A. J. Williams, G. Dixon, S. R. Andersen, P. van der Ley, M. van Deuren, R. E. Callard, and N. Klein. 2000. Gram-negative bacteria induce proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes in the absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Clin. Exp. Immunol.122:312-315.","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.1.144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb00848.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00807.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00922.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","first-page":"3393","volume":"133","year":"1987","unstructured":"Virji, M., K. Zak, and J. E Heckels. 1987. Outer-membrane protein-iii of Neisseria-gonorrhoeae - variations in biological properties of antibodies directed against different epitopes. J. Gen. Microbiol.133:3393-3401.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","first-page":"1202","year":"1995","unstructured":"Weller, R. O. 1995. Fluid compartments and fluid balance in the central nervous system, p. 1202-1204. In P. L. Williams (ed.), Gray's anatomy. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Gray's anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2718-2722.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002215549904700901"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.4.3.214-215.1976"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00644-06","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00644-06","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T13:18:20Z","timestamp":1683638300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00644-06"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00644-06"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00644-06","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-04-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-08-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-11-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}