{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:20:25Z","timestamp":1782969625768,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>is a frequent cause of meningoencephalitis in immunosuppressed individuals. To better understand the mechanisms of a protective immune response to<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>, a long-term in vitro model of human immune control of cryptococcal infection was developed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) prestimulated with heat-killed<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>significantly restricted the growth of<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>after a subsequent live infection compared to that with unstimulated PBMC. Live infection with encapsulated<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>was controlled for as long as 10 days, while infection with acapsular organisms could sometimes be eradicated. During immune control, fungal cells were both intracellular and extracellular within aggregates of mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes. Optimal immune control depended on the presence of both CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells. Immune control of cryptococcal growth was more effective following prestimulation with acapsular compared with encapsulated organisms. Prestimulation with acapsular organisms was associated with a significant and prolonged increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6) production compared with prestimulation with encapsulated<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>. Addition of IL-6 and depletion of CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells prior to prestimulation and infection with encapsulated organisms resulted in reductions in cryptococcal growth that reached borderline statistical significance. Depletion of CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells significantly reduced cryptococcal growth in wells with unstimulated PBMC. The results demonstrate an association between high levels of IL-6 and resistance to infection and, through suppression of IL-6 release, an additional mechanism whereby the cryptococcal capsule subverts a protective immune response. Further work is required to clarify the mechanism of action of IL-6 in this setting and any interaction with regulatory T cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00661-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,22]],"date-time":"2006-08-22T22:13:07Z","timestamp":1156284787000},"page":"5302-5310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Role of Capsule and Interleukin-6 in Long-Term Immune Control of<i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>Infection by Specifically Activated Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Asna A.","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infection, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin J.","family":"Shattock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infection, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infection, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2003.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.10.6445-6455.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.4.1218-1222.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.2.480","volume":"144","year":"1990","unstructured":"Breen, E. C., A. R. Rezai, K. Nakajima, G. N. Beall, R. T. Mitsuyasu, T. Hirano, T. Kishimoto, and O. Martinez-Maza. 1990. Infection with HIV is associated with elevated IL-6 levels and production. J. Immunol.144:480-484.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16301-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339540"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.7.2604-2611.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.6.2454-2456.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.9.3219","volume":"142","year":"1989","unstructured":"Flesch, I. E., G. Schwamberger, and S. H. Kaufman. 1989. Fungicidal activity of IFN-\u03b3-activated macrophages. Extracellular killing of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. 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