{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:25:29Z","timestamp":1792185929235,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]],"date-time":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            is the bacterium that causes gonorrhea, a major sexually transmitted disease and a significant cofactor for human immunodeficiency virus transmission. The retactile\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            type IV pilus (Tfp) mediates twitching motility and attachment. Using live-cell microscopy, we reveal for the first time the dynamics of twitching motility by\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            in its natural environment, human epithelial cells. Bacteria aggregate into microcolonies on the cell surface and induce a massive remodeling of the microvillus architecture. Surprisingly, the microcolonies are motile, and they fuse to form progressively larger structures that undergo rapid reorganization, suggesting that bacteria communicate with each other during infection. As reported, actin plaques form beneath microcolonies. Here, we show that cortical plaques comigrate with motile microcolonies. These activities are dependent on\n            <jats:italic>pilT<\/jats:italic>\n            , the Tfp retraction locus. Cultures infected with a\n            <jats:italic>pilT<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant have significantly higher numbers of apoptotic cells than cultures infected with the wild-type strain. Inducing\n            <jats:italic>pilT<\/jats:italic>\n            expression with isopropyl-\u03b2-\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -thiogalactopyranoside partially rescues cells from infection-induced apoptosis, demonstrating that Tfp retraction is intrinsically cytoprotective for the host. Tfp-mediated attachment is therefore a continuum of microcolony motility and force stimulation of host cell signaling, leading to a cytoprotective effect.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00687-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,7]],"date-time":"2007-08-07T00:54:18Z","timestamp":1186448058000},"page":"4743-4753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Dynamics of\n            <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n            Attachment: Microcolony Development, Cortical Plaque Formation, and Cytoprotection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Dustin L.","family":"Higashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun W.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelie","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy Core Facility"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Weyand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony","family":"Bakke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalene","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.168.2.507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.2.611-618.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00586.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400796"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2005.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00300.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.3.532"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Short protocols in immunology: a compendium of methods from current protocols in immunology 2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026485622824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.965-981.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/12021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444904006055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Principles and practice of infectious diseases 1995 vol. 2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.23.6465-6471.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.2.2.200-208.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"627","volume":"3","year":"2005","unstructured":"Howie, H. 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