{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T18:56:57Z","timestamp":1793905017608,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]],"date-time":"2008-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The predominant organizational state of bacteria in nature is biofilms. Biofilms have been shown to increase bacterial resistance to a variety of stresses. We demonstrate for the first time that the anaerobic gram-positive pathogen\n            <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n            forms biofilms. At the same concentration of glucose in the medium, optimal biofilm formation depended on a functional CcpA protein. While the ratio of biofilm to planktonic growth was higher in the wild type than in a\n            <jats:italic>ccpA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant strain in middle to late stages of biofilm development, the bacteria shifted from a predominantly biofilm state to planktonic growth as the concentration of glucose in the medium increased in a CcpA-independent manner. As is the case in some gram-negative bacteria, type IV pilus (TFP)-dependent gliding motility was necessary for efficient biofilm formation, as demonstrated by laser confocal and electron microscopy. However, TFP were not associated with the bacteria in the biofilm but with the extracellular matrix. Biofilms afforded\n            <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n            protection from environmental stress, including exposure to atmospheric oxygen for 6 h and 24 h and to 10 mM H\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            O\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            for 5 min. Biofilm cells also showed 5- to 15-fold-increased survival over planktonic cells after exposure to 20 \u03bcg\/ml (27 times the MIC) of penicillin G for 6 h and 24 h, respectively. These results indicate\n            <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n            biofilms play an important role in the persistence of the bacteria in response to environmental stress and that they may be a factor in diseases, such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea and gas gangrene, that are caused by\n            <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00692-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,3]],"date-time":"2008-09-03T01:11:35Z","timestamp":1220404295000},"page":"4944-4951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Type IV Pili and the CcpA Protein Are Needed for Maximal Biofilm Formation by the Gram-Positive Anaerobic Pathogen\n            <i>Clostridium perfringens<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"John J.","family":"Varga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, 2119 Derring Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair","family":"Therit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, 2119 Derring Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Melville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, 2119 Derring Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00169-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00165-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.4.1001-1008.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"305","year":"1984","unstructured":"Borriello, S. P., H. E. Larson, A. R. Welch, F. Barclay, M. F. Stringer, and B. A. Bartholomew. 1984. Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens: a possible cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Lanceti:305-307.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(85)80013-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.05020.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.9.2333-2343.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2008.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"240","volume":"55","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carney, T., J. D. Perry, M. Ford, S. Majumdar, and F. K. Gould. 2002. Evidence for antibiotic induced Clostridium perfringens diarrhoea. J. Clin. Pathol.55:240.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anae.1998.0152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01918-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.4.847-867.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.10.4594-4600.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Structural biology of bacterial pathogenesis. 2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08402.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4759-4766.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000147801.63304.8a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02709.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m70-059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09643.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03187.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2006.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.4.860"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.12.7269-7276.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"439","volume":"125","year":"2000","unstructured":"Macfarlane, G. T., and S. Macfarlane. 2000. Growth of mucin degrading bacteria in biofilms. Methods Mol. Biol.125:439-452.","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03287.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.15.1.19-25.1977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.12.5550-5558.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01407-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.54.10.748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47331-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"12","volume":"9","year":"1982","unstructured":"Narayan, K. G. 1982. Food borne infection with Clostridium perfringens type A. Int. J. Zoonoses9:12-32.","journal-title":"Int. J. Zoonoses"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000077869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2000.00074.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.3.1411-1422.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"41","volume":"437","year":"2005","unstructured":"Patel, R. 2005. Biofilms and antimicrobial resistance. Clin. Orthop. Relat Res.437:41-47.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.5.1354-1360.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2007.08.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.7.2326-2330.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.55.4.621-648.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"E936\u2014E945","volume":"274","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rosdahl, H., K. Hamrin, U. Ungerstedt, and J. Henriksson. 1998. Metabolite levels in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue studied with microdialysis at low perfusion flow. Am. J. Physiol.274:E936\u2014E945.","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00035-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/000112018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","first-page":"153","year":"1997","unstructured":"Songer, J. G. 1997. Clostridial diseases of animals, p. 153-182. In J. I. Rood, B. A. McClane, J. G. Songer, and R. W. Titball (ed.), The clostridia: molecular biology and pathogenesis. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.","journal-title":"The clostridia: molecular biology and pathogenesis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.6.1951-1957.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","first-page":"141","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stevens, D. L. 1997. Necrotizing clostridial soft tissue infections, p. 141-152. In J. I. Rood, B. A. McClane, J. G. Songer, and R. W. Titball (ed.), The clostridia: molecular biology and pathognesis. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.","journal-title":"The clostridia: molecular biology and pathognesis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.23.8096-8104.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020628909429"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.16.5221-5229.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05414.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03076-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.67.4.475-490.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(98)90256-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.4028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.1.136-142.1998"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00692-08","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00692-08","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T07:24:09Z","timestamp":1646465049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00692-08"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00692-08"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00692-08","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-06-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-08-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-11-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}