{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:21:06Z","timestamp":1790047266273,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The (p)ppGpp-mediated stringent response is important for bacterial survival in nutrient limiting conditions. For maximal effect, (p)ppGpp interacts with the cofactor DksA, which stabilizes (p)ppGpp's interaction with RNA polymerase. We previously demonstrated that (p)ppGpp was required for the virulence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Haemophilus ducreyi<\/jats:named-content>\n            in humans. Here, we constructed an\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. ducreyi<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:italic>dksA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant and showed it was also partially attenuated for pustule formation in human volunteers. To understand the roles of (p)ppGpp and DksA in gene regulation in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. ducreyi<\/jats:named-content>\n            , we defined genes potentially altered by (p)ppGpp and DksA deficiency using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). In bacteria collected at stationary phase, lack of (p)ppGpp and DksA altered expression of 28% and 17% of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. ducreyi<\/jats:named-content>\n            open reading frames, respectively, including genes involved in transcription, translation, and metabolism. There was significant overlap in genes differentially expressed in the (p)ppGpp mutant relative to the\n            <jats:italic>dksA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant. Loss of (p)ppGpp or DksA resulted in the dysregulation of several known virulence determinants. Deletion of\n            <jats:italic>dksA<\/jats:italic>\n            downregulated\n            <jats:italic>lspB<\/jats:italic>\n            and rendered the organism less resistant to phagocytosis and increased its sensitivity to oxidative stress. Both mutants had reduced ability to attach to human foreskin fibroblasts; the defect correlated with reduced expression of the Flp adhesin proteins in the (p)ppGpp mutant but not in the\n            <jats:italic>dksA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant, suggesting that DksA regulates the expression of an unknown cofactor(s) required for Flp-mediated adherence. We conclude that both (p)ppGpp and DksA serve as major regulators of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. ducreyi<\/jats:named-content>\n            gene expression in stationary phase and have both overlapping and unique contributions to pathogenesis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00692-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,10]],"date-time":"2015-06-10T19:10:03Z","timestamp":1433963403000},"page":"3281-3292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["DksA and (p)ppGpp Have Unique and Overlapping Contributions to Haemophilus ducreyi Pathogenesis in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Concerta L.","family":"Holley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate R.","family":"Fortney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Ellinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunlong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane M.","family":"Janowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry P.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Robert S.","family":"Munson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley M.","family":"Spinola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"},{"name":"Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"689","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases","author":"Spinola SM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spinola SM. 2008. Chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi, p 689\u2013699. In Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Stamm WE, Piot P, Wasserheit JN, Corey L, Cohen MS, Watts DH (ed), Sexually transmitted diseases, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.059212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Genital ulcer diseases among HIV-infected female commercial sex workers in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"40","author":"Fayemiwo SA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fayemiwo SA, Odaibo GN, Oni AA, Ajayi AA, Bakare RA, Olaleye DO. 2011. Genital ulcer diseases among HIV-infected female commercial sex workers in Ibadan, Nigeria. 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