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To study the potential of different<jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>serovars to invade the gut mucosa and trigger an immune response, day-old chicks were infected orally with<jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>serovar Enteritidis,<jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>serovar Typhimurium,<jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>serovar Hadar, or<jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>serovar Infantis, respectively. The localization of<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>organisms in gut mucosa and the number of immune cells in cecum were determined by immunohistochemistry in the period between 4 h and 9 days after infection. Using quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, mRNA expression of various cytokines, chemokines, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was examined in cecum. As a result, all<jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>serovars were able to infect epithelial cells and the lamina propria. Notably, serovar Enteritidis showed the highest invasiveness of lamina propria tissue, whereas serovars Typhimurium and Hadar displayed moderate invasiveness and serovar Infantis hardly any invasion capabilities. Only a limited number of bacteria of all serovars were found within intestinal macrophages. Elevated numbers of granulocytes, CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells, and TCR1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells and mRNA expression rates for interleukin 12 (IL-12), IL-18, tumor necrosis factor alpha factor, and iNOS in cecum correlated well with the invasiveness of serovars in the lamina propria. In contrast, changes in numbers of TCR2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells and IL-2 mRNA expression seemed to be more dependent on infection of epithelial cells. The data indicate that the capability of<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>serovars to enter the cecal mucosa and invade lower regions affects both the level and character of the immune response in tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00695-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,21]],"date-time":"2007-08-21T00:58:49Z","timestamp":1187657929000},"page":"5993-6007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Chicken Cecum Immune Response to<i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>Serovars of Different Levels of Invasiveness"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Berndt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Jugert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Pieper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Strasse 96a, D-07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Sachse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Methner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Strasse 96a, D-07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450120106615"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0065-1281-00666"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00265-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.2.1442-1444.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.11.7509-7516.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450310001636282"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.125.6.2626","volume":"125","year":"1980","unstructured":"Befus, D. 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