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The aim of this study was to better understand the interactions between<jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>and microglia. Murine microglial cells were infected with a virulent wild-type strain of<jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>. Two isogenic mutants deficient at either capsular polysaccharide (CPS) or hemolysin production were also included. CPS contributed to<jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>resistance to phagocytosis and regulated the inflammatory response by hiding proinflammatory components from the bacterial cell wall, while the absence of hemolysin, a potential cytotoxic factor, did not have a major impact on<jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>interactions with microglia. Wild-type<jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>induced enhanced expression of Toll-like receptor 2 by microglial cells, as well as phophotyrosine, protein kinase C, and different mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling events. However, cells infected with the CPS-deficient mutant showed overall stronger and more sustained phosphorylation profiles. CPS also modulated inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and further nitric oxide production from<jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>-infected microglia. Finally,<jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>-induced NF-\u03baB translocation was faster for cells stimulated with the CPS-deficient mutant, suggesting that bacterial cell wall components are potent inducers of NF-\u03baB. These results contribute to increase the knowledge of mechanisms underlying<jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>inflammation in the brain and will be useful in designing more efficient anti-inflammatory strategies for meningitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00698-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]],"date-time":"2010-09-28T04:24:12Z","timestamp":1285647852000},"page":"5074-5085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>Characterization of the Microglial Inflammatory Response to<i>Streptococcus suis<\/i>, an Important Emerging Zoonotic Agent of Meningitis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Mari\u0301a de la Cruz","family":"Domi\u0301nguez-Punaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine (CRIP), Faculte\u0301 de Me\u0301decine Ve\u0301te\u0301rinaire, Universite\u0301 de Montre\u0301al, 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