{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:26:38Z","timestamp":1780604798907,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]],"date-time":"2009-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The guinea pig model of tuberculosis is used extensively in assessing novel vaccines, since<jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>BCG vaccination effectively prolongs survival after low-dose aerosol infection with virulent<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>. To better understand how BCG extends time to death after pulmonary infection with<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>, we examined cytokine responses postvaccination and recruitment of activated T cells and cytokine response postinfection. At 10 weeks postvaccination, splenic gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) mRNA was significantly elevated compared to the levels at 5 weeks in ex vivo stimulation assays. At 15, 40, 60, and 120 days postinfection, T-cell activation (CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD62L<jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD62L<jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>) and mRNA expression of IFN-\u03b3, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-10, IL-12, and eomesodermin were assessed. Our data show that at day 40, BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs had significantly increased levels of IFN-\u03b3 mRNA expression but decreased TNF-\u03b1 mRNA expression in their lungs compared to the levels in nonvaccinated animals. At day 120, a time when nonvaccinated guinea pigs succumbed to infection, low levels of IFN-\u03b3 mRNA were observed even though there were increasing levels of IL-1, IL-12, and IL-10, and the numbers of activated T cells did not differ from those in BCG-vaccinated animals. BCG vaccination conferred the advantage of recruiting greater numbers of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD62L<jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>T cells at day 40, although the numbers of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD62L<jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>T cells were not elevated compared to the numbers in nonvaccinated animals. Our data suggest that day 40 postinfection may be a pivotal time point in determining vaccine efficacy and prolonged survival and that BCG promotes the capacity of T cells in the lungs to respond to infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00704-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,9]],"date-time":"2009-09-09T01:33:13Z","timestamp":1252459993000},"page":"4837-4846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Kinetics of the Immune Response Profile in Guinea Pigs after Vaccination with<i>Mycobacterium bovis<\/i>BCG and Infection with<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Ajay","family":"Grover","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JoLynn","family":"Troudt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Keyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Arnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew","family":"Rholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.3.1358-1363.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4271-4277.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535730"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80445-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-9792(08)70035-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2005.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.3.1367-1376.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.6.2243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"201","volume":"10","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dinarello, C. 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