{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:29:29Z","timestamp":1790652569159,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            transitions from a dormant spore to a vegetative bacillus through a series of structural and biochemical changes collectively referred to as germination. The timing of germination is important during early steps in infection and may determine if\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            survives or succumbs to responsive macrophages. In the current study experiments determined the contribution of endogenous\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanine production to the efficiency and timing of\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            spore germination under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Racemase-mediated production of endogenous\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanine by\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            altered the kinetics for initiation of germination over a range of spore densities and exhibited a threshold effect wherein small changes in spore number resulted in major changes in germination efficiency. This threshold effect correlated with\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanine production, was prevented by an alanine racemase inhibitor, and required\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanine. Interestingly, endogenous production of inhibitory levels of\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanine was detected under experimental conditions that did not support germination and in a germination-deficient mutant of\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            . Racemase-dependent production of\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanine enhanced survival of\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            during interaction with murine macrophages, suggesting a role for inhibition of germination during interaction with these cells. Finally, in vivo experiments revealed an approximately twofold decrease in the 50% lethal dose of\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            spores administered in the presence of\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanine, indicating that rates of germination may be directly influenced by the levels of this amino acid during early stages of disease.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00727-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,9]],"date-time":"2007-10-09T00:33:57Z","timestamp":1191890037000},"page":"5726-5734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Effects of Endogenous\n            <scp>d<\/scp>\n            -Alanine Synthesis and Autoinhibition of\n            <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n            Germination on In Vitro and In Vivo Infections"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Matthew T.","family":"McKevitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie M.","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salika M.","family":"Shakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason L.","family":"Larabee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Blanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and the Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 68101"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Lovchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Rick","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy D.","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M611432200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.124.3218.403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.05.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-35-2-229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.23.8055-8062.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00921-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"13","volume":"225","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hanna, P. 1998. 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