{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T20:05:54Z","timestamp":1785355554140,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI123321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI123321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI136118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI136118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI138139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI138139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI152220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI152220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI153100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI153100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Human babesiosis is an emerging disease caused by intraerythrocytic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites, primarily transmitted through tick bites. Among the species of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      that infect humans,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Babesia duncani<\/jats:italic>\n                      causes severe disease in murine models, associated with excessive cytokine responses that contribute to immunopathology. The parasite factors that mediate host immune activation remain poorly defined. Here, we show that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. duncani<\/jats:italic>\n                      , similar to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      , exports antigens through vesicle-mediated pathways. Screening a panel of 105 known and predicted secreted proteins using sera from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. duncani<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected and uninfected mice identified multiple immunodominant antigens. We further characterized two representative antigens and demonstrate using differential centrifugation, vesicle enrichment, immunofluorescence microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy that these antigens localize to vesicles released by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. duncani<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected erythrocytes into the extracellular environment. These findings reveal vesicle-mediated antigen export as a key feature of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. duncani<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and suggest a pathway through which parasite-derived antigens may be delivered to the host immune system. Such findings may guide future studies aimed at developing diagnostic or vaccine strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00763-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:58:07Z","timestamp":1780502287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of vesicle-associated exported immunodominant antigens of the human pathogen\n                    <i>Babesia duncani<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2318-5960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pallavi","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0068-8912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anasuya C.","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9853-0987","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jae-Yeon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meenal","family":"Chand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4944-6006","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pratap","family":"Vydyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geeta","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5028-1400","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Choukri","family":"Ben Mamoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2024.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks700"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01194-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2386136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2008.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107178"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00925-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211032927"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2024.108813"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10060377"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-4-199308150-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/593812"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00245.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac181"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505718"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2021.e01368"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.201900382"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.962944"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010770"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01360-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.12.7955-7958.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae191"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102737"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102452"}],"container-title":["Infection 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