{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:05:18Z","timestamp":1791295518747,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>is a gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen that invades the colonic epithelium and causes bacillary dysentery. We previously demonstrated that<jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>inhibits staurosporine-induced apoptosis in infected epithelial cells and that a \u0394<jats:italic>mxiE<\/jats:italic>mutant is unable to inhibit apoptosis. Therefore, we hypothesized that an MxiE-regulated gene was responsible for protection of epithelial cells from apoptosis. Analysis of all MxiE-regulated genes yielded no mutants that lacked the ability to prevent apoptosis. Spa15, which is defined as a type III secretion system chaperone, was analyzed since it associates with MxiE. A \u0394<jats:italic>spa15<\/jats:italic>mutant was unable to prevent staurosporine-induced apoptosis. C-terminal hemagglutinin-tagged<jats:italic>spa15<\/jats:italic>was secreted by<jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>within 2 h in the Congo red secretion assay, and secretion was dependent on the type III secretion system. Spa15 was also secreted by<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>in infected epithelial cells, as verified by immunofluorescence analysis. Spa15 secretion was decreased in the \u0394<jats:italic>mxiE<\/jats:italic>mutant, which demonstrates why this mutant is unable to prevent staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Our data are the first to show that Spa15 is secreted in a type III secretion system-dependent fashion, and the absence of Spa15 in the \u0394<jats:italic>spa15<\/jats:italic>mutant results in the loss of protection from staurosporine-induced apoptosis in epithelial cells. Thus, Spa15 contributes to the intracellular survival of<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>by blocking apoptosis in the infected host cell.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00800-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,6]],"date-time":"2009-10-06T01:05:24Z","timestamp":1254791124000},"page":"5281-5290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Spa15 of<i>Shigella flexneri<\/i>Is Secreted through the Type III Secretion System and Prevents Staurosporine-Induced Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Christina S.","family":"Faherty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. 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