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Treatment with ATRA increased interleukin 4 (IL4) and IL12p70 in plasma of infected pigs at 7 DAI and augmented bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophilia observed at 7 and 14 DAI. To explore potential molecular mechanisms underlying these observations, a quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR array was used to examine mRNA expression in tissue.\n                    <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected pigs had increased levels of liver mRNA for T-helper-2 (Th2)-associated cytokines, mast cell markers, and T regulatory (Treg) cells, while infected pigs given ATRA had higher\n                    <jats:italic>IL4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL13<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CCL11<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CCL26<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CCL17<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CCL22<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>TPSB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression. Gene expression for Th1-associated markers (\n                    <jats:italic>IFNG<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL12B<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>TBX21<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), the CXCR3 ligand (\n                    <jats:italic>CXCL9<\/jats:italic>\n                    ),\n                    <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the putative Treg marker\n                    <jats:italic>TNFRSF18<\/jats:italic>\n                    was also increased. Expression of\n                    <jats:italic>IL4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL13<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CCL11<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>CCL26<\/jats:italic>\n                    was increased in the lungs of infected pigs treated with ATRA. To determine a putative cellular source of eosinophil chemoattractants, alveolar macrophages were treated with IL4 and\/or ATRA in vitro. IL4 induced\n                    <jats:italic>CCL11<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CCL17<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CCL22<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>CCL26<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA, and ATRA increased the basal and IL4-stimulated expression of\n                    <jats:italic>CCL17<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CCL22<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Thus, ATRA augments a diverse Th1-, Th2-, Treg-, and inflammation-associated response in swine infected with\n                    <jats:italic>A. suum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the increased BAL eosinophilia may be related to enhanced induction of eosinophil chemokine activity by alveolar macrophages.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00827-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,30]],"date-time":"2009-03-30T20:47:01Z","timestamp":1238446021000},"page":"2576-2587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Localized Th1-, Th2-, T Regulatory Cell-, and Inflammation-Associated Hepatic and Pulmonary Immune Responses in\n                    <i>Ascaris suum<\/i>\n                    -Infected Swine Are Increased by Retinoic Acid"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Harry","family":"Dawson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Solano-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Beal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethiopia","family":"Beshah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vandana","family":"Vangimalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eudora","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Botero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Joseph F.","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19910106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200301600106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"331","year":"2001","unstructured":"Artis, D., and R. 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