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We have investigated the in vivo effects of a chronic gastrointestinal nematode infection on the infectivity and development of the immune response against the common trematode helminth<jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>. The data show that mice carrying an established chronic<jats:italic>Trichuris muris<\/jats:italic>infection and coinfected with<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>, had significantly higher<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>worm burdens than mice without coinfection. The increase in<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>worm burden was accompanied by a higher egg burden in the liver. Kinetic analysis of<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>establishment indicate reduced trapping of<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>larvae during skin-to-lung migration, with<jats:italic>T. muris<\/jats:italic>-induced alterations in lung cytokine expression and inflammatory foci surrounding lung-stage schistosomula, suggesting that the immunomodulatory effects of chronic<jats:italic>T. muris<\/jats:italic>infection elicited at the gut mucosal surface extend to other organs and perhaps specifically to other mucosal surfaces. The data show that a preexisting chronic gastrointestinal nematode infection facilitates the survival and migration of<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>schistosomula to the portal system, and as a result, increases the egg burden and associated pathology of<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00827-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,30]],"date-time":"2008-09-30T00:44:51Z","timestamp":1222735491000},"page":"5802-5809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Chronic Intestinal Nematode Infection Exacerbates Experimental<i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Quentin D.","family":"Bickle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Solum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Helmby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"604","volume":"16","year":"1992","unstructured":"Amiri, P., R. 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