{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T01:31:02Z","timestamp":1792373462903,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            RfaH is a transcriptional antiterminator that reduces the polarity of long operons encoding secreted and surface-associated cell components of\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serovar Typhimurium, including O antigen and lipopolysaccharide core sugars. A \u0394\n            <jats:italic>rfaH<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant strain is attenuated in mice (50% lethal dose [LD\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            ], &gt;10\n            <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU). To examine the potential for using\n            <jats:italic>rfaH<\/jats:italic>\n            in conjunction with other attenuating mutations, we designed a series of strains in which we replaced the native\n            <jats:italic>rfaH<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter with the tightly regulated arabinose-dependent\n            <jats:italic>araC<\/jats:italic>\n            P\n            <jats:sub>BAD<\/jats:sub>\n            promoter so that\n            <jats:italic>rfaH<\/jats:italic>\n            expression was dependent on exogenously supplied arabinose provided during in vitro growth. Following colonization of host lymphoid tissues, where arabinose was not available, the P\n            <jats:sub>BAD<\/jats:sub>\n            promoter was no longer active and\n            <jats:italic>rfaH<\/jats:italic>\n            was not expressed. In the absence of RfaH, O antigen and core sugars were not synthesized. We constructed three mutant strains that expressed different levels of RfaH by altering the ribosome-binding sequence and start codon. One mutation, \u0394P\n            <jats:sub>rfaH178<\/jats:sub>\n            , was introduced into the attenuated vaccine strain \u03c79241 (\u0394\n            <jats:italic>pabA<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394\n            <jats:italic>pabB<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394\n            <jats:italic>asdA<\/jats:italic>\n            ) expressing the pneumococcal surface protein PspA from an Asd\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            balanced-lethal plasmid. Mice immunized with this strain and boosted 4 weeks later induced higher levels of serum immunoglobulin G specific for PspA and for outer membrane proteins from other enteric bacteria than either an isogenic \u0394\n            <jats:italic>rfaH<\/jats:italic>\n            derivative or the isogenic RfaH\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            parent. Eight weeks after primary oral immunization, mice were challenged with 200 LD\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            of virulent\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:italic>treptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            WU2. Immunization with \u0394P\n            <jats:sub>rfaH178<\/jats:sub>\n            mutant strains led to increased levels of protection compared to that of the parent \u03c79241 and of a \u0394\n            <jats:italic>rfaH<\/jats:italic>\n            derivative of \u03c79241.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00831-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,6]],"date-time":"2009-10-06T01:05:24Z","timestamp":1254791124000},"page":"5572-5582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Regulated Delayed Expression of\n            <i>rfaH<\/i>\n            in an Attenuated\n            <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n            <i>enterica<\/i>\n            Serovar Typhimurium Vaccine Enhances Immunogenicity of Outer Membrane Proteins and a Heterologous Antigen"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Qingke","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Roland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Roy","family":"Curtiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00724-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.12.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.6432014.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.62.3.293-300.1951"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(96)82948-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.012669199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000001451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.3.1079-1085.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0216941"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00693-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"297","year":"2007","unstructured":"Curtiss, R., III, X. 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