{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:32:50Z","timestamp":1791142370474,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inhalation anthrax results in high-grade bacteremia and is accompanied by a delay in the rise of the peripheral polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) count and a paucity of PMNs in the infected pleural fluid and mediastinum. Edema toxin (ET) is one of the major<jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>virulence factors and consists of the adenylate cyclase edema factor (EF) and protective antigen (PA). Relatively low concentrations of ET (100 to 500 ng\/ml of PA and EF) significantly impair human PMN chemokinesis, chemotaxis, and ability to polarize. These changes are accompanied by a reduction in chemoattractant-stimulated PMN actin assembly. ET also causes a significant decrease in<jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>intracellular actin-based motility within HeLa cells. These defects in actin assembly are accompanied by a &gt;50-fold increase in intracellular cyclic AMP and a &gt;4-fold increase in the phosphorylation of protein kinase A. We have previously shown that anthrax lethal toxin (LT) also impairs neutrophil actin-based motility (R. L. During, W. Li, B. Hao, J. M. Koenig, D. S. Stephens, C. P. Quinn, and F. S. Southwick, J. Infect. Dis. 192:837-845, 2005), and we now find that LT combined with ET causes an additive inhibition of PMN chemokinesis, polarization, chemotaxis, and FMLP (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-formyl-met-leu-phe)-induced actin assembly. We conclude that ET alone or combined with LT impairs PMN actin assembly, resulting in paralysis of PMN chemotaxis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00839-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,7]],"date-time":"2009-04-07T00:45:39Z","timestamp":1239065139000},"page":"2455-2464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["<i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>Edema Toxin Impairs Neutrophil Actin-Based Motility"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Szarowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell L.","family":"During","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conrad P.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NCIRD, DBD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Jen","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick S.","family":"Southwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.6.2291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.10.3867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301257200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.140655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.12.7557"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.16.6068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(03)00109-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.114.6.1179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601687"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/432516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.12.2911"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63697-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M402689200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.1.224","volume":"146","year":"1991","unstructured":"Harvath, L., J. 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