{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T20:54:07Z","timestamp":1791060847290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Orientia tsutsugamushi<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the causative agent of scrub typhus, is an obligate intracellular pathogen. After entry into host cells, the bacterium rapidly escapes from the endosomal pathway and replicates in the cytosol of eukaryotic host cells. Here we show that\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection efficiently promotes cellular autophagy, a cell-autonomous defense mechanism of innate immunity. However, most of the internalized bacteria barely colocalized with the induced autophagosomes, even when stimulated with rapamycin, a chemical inducer of autophagy. Treatment of infected cells with tetracycline suppressed bacterial evasion from autophagy and facilitated\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:named-content>\n            targeting to autophagosomes, suggesting that the intracellular pathogen may be equipped with a bacterial factor or factors that block autophagic recognition. Finally, we also found that chemical modulators of cellular autophagy or genetic knockout of the\n            <jats:italic>atg3<\/jats:italic>\n            gene does not significantly affect the intracellular growth of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:named-content>\n            in vitro. These results suggest that\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:named-content>\n            has evolved to block autophagic microbicidal defense by evading autophagic recognition even though it activates the autophagy pathway during the early phase of infection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00861-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]],"date-time":"2012-12-11T04:43:06Z","timestamp":1355200986000},"page":"552-559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Active Escape of Orientia tsutsugamushi from Cellular Autophagy"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Youngho","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hye","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na-Young","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ik-Sang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nam-Hyuk","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center and Bundang Hospital, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung-Sik","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00995.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2000751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104904"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4167\/jbv.2011.41.4.213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611553104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001466"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.271065074"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549709035911"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.2.594-602.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.4841-4850.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1265-1272.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.09-0476"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01316-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092080302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"129","article-title":"Cytokine-induced, nitric oxide-dependent, intracellular antirickettsial activity of mouse endothelial cells","volume":"76","author":"Walker DH","year":"1997","unstructured":"WalkerDHPopovVLCrocquet-ValdesPAWelshCJFengHM. 1997. Cytokine-induced, nitric oxide-dependent, intracellular antirickettsial activity of mouse endothelial cells. Lab. Invest. 76:129\u2013138.","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00879.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1290\/1071-2690(2001)037<0505:PCOHUV>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/589284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.19496"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2272"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2006.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02855"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-03-0309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1106036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002168"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.01068.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.7.8.15597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601838103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03826.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01845.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.11.4125-4133.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.07.022"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00861-12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00861-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T20:13:38Z","timestamp":1646424818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00861-12"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"A. J.","family":"B\u00e4umler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00861-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00861-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-08-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-11-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-01-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}