{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:09:40Z","timestamp":1791227380343,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The exfoliative toxin (ET) is a major virulence factor of\n            <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            that causes bullous impetigo and its disseminated form, staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS). ET selectively digests one of the intracellular adhesion molecules, desmoglein 1, of epidermal keratinocytes and causes blisters due to intraepidermal cell-cell dissociation. Most\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            strains that cause blistering disease produce either ETA or ETB. They are serologically distinct molecules, where ETA is encoded on a phage genome and ETB is enocded on a large plasmid. ETA-producing\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            strains are frequently isolated from impetigo patients, and ETB-producing\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            strains are isolated from SSSS. ET-induced blister formation can be reproduced with the neonatal mouse. To determine the regulatory mechanism of ET production, we investigated the role of the two-component systems and global regulators for\n            <jats:italic>eta<\/jats:italic>\n            or\n            <jats:italic>etb<\/jats:italic>\n            expression\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            with the mouse model. Western blot and transcription analyses using a series of mutants demonstrate ETA production was downregulated by\n            <jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>sarS<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>sarA<\/jats:italic>\n            , while ETB production was downregulated by\n            <jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>sarA<\/jats:italic>\n            but not by\n            <jats:italic>sarS<\/jats:italic>\n            . Production of both toxins is upregulated by\n            <jats:italic>saeRS<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>arlRS<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>agrCA<\/jats:italic>\n            . Furthermore, by the\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            neonatal mouse model,\n            <jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>sarS<\/jats:italic>\n            but not\n            <jats:italic>sarA<\/jats:italic>\n            negatively regulate the exfoliation activity of the ETA-producing strain, while\n            <jats:italic>sarA<\/jats:italic>\n            negatively regulates the ETB-producing strain. In both strains,\n            <jats:italic>saeRS<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>arlRS<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>agrCA<\/jats:italic>\n            positively regulate the exfoliation activity\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . The data illustrate similar but distinct regulatory mechanisms for ETA and ETB production\n            <jats:italic>in S. aureus in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            as well as\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00872-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T03:37:51Z","timestamp":1296531471000},"page":"1660-1670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Regulatory Mechanism for Exfoliative Toxin Production in\n            <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Fuminori","family":"Kato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, 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