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The long-term survival of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>spirochetes in the mammalian host is achieved though VlsE-mediated antigenic variation. It is mathematically predicted that a highly variable surface antigen prolongs bacterial infection sufficiently to exhaust the immune response directed toward invariant surface antigens. If the prediction is correct, it is expected that the antibody response to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>invariant antigens will become nonprotective as<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>infection progresses. To test this assumption, changes in the protective efficacy of the immune response to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>surface antigens were monitored via a superinfection model over the course of 70 days.<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>-infected mice were subjected to secondary challenge by heterologous<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>at different time points postinfection (p.i.). When the infected mice were superinfected with a VlsE-deficient clone (\u0394VlsE) at day 28 p.i., the active anti-<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>immune response did not prevent \u0394VlsE-induced spirochetemia. In contrast, most mice blocked culture-detectable spirochetemia induced by wild-type<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>(WT), indicating that VlsE was likely the primary target of the antibody response. As the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>infection further progressed, however, reversed outcomes were observed. At day 70 p.i. the host immune response to non-VlsE antigens became sufficiently potent to clear spirochetemia induced by \u0394VlsE and yet failed to prevent WT-induced spirochetemia. To test if any significant changes in the anti-<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>antibody repertoire accounted for the observed outcomes, global profiles of antibody specificities were determined. However, comparison of mimotopes revealed no major difference between day 28 and day 70 antibody repertoires.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00890-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T01:12:21Z","timestamp":1477962741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antibody Response to Lyme Disease Spirochetes in the Context of VlsE-Mediated Immune Evasion"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Artem S.","family":"Rogovskyy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Gillis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yurij","family":"Ionov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Genetics, Rosewell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Gerasimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Zelikovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu397"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.3555"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-009-0077-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/508667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0038-2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80206-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05204.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.25.13865"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.1.446-455.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4608-4613.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.7.3699-3706.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6577-6585.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05895.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061226"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00980.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011870"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/323392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0005-2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5566","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.10.5566","article-title":"An immunodominant conserved region within the variable domain of VlsE, the variable surface antigen of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"163","author":"Liang FT","year":"1999","unstructured":"Liang FT Alvarez AL Gu Y Nowling JM Ramamoorthy R Philipp MT . 1999. 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