{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:30:41Z","timestamp":1787016641548,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Gelatinases A and B (matrix metalloproteinase 2 [MMP-2] and MMP-9, respectively) can induce basal membrane breakdown and leukocyte migration, but their role in leprosy skin inflammation remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed clinical specimens from leprosy patients taken from stable, untreated skin lesions and during reactional episodes (reversal reaction [RR] and\n                    <jats:italic>erythema nodosum leprosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    [ENL]). The participation of MMPs in disease was suggested by (i) increased MMP mRNA expression levels in skin biopsy specimens correlating with the expression of gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), (ii) the detection of the MMP protein and enzymatic activity within the inflammatory infiltrate, (iii) increased MMP levels in patient sera, and (iv) the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    induction of MMP-9 by\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\/or TNF-\u03b1. It was observed that IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 mRNA levels were higher in tuberculoid than lepromatous lesions. In contrast, interleukin-10 and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP-1) message were not differentially modulated. These data correlated with the detection of the MMP protein evidenced by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. When RR and ENL lesions were analyzed, an increase in TNF-\u03b1, MMP-2, and MMP-9, but not TIMP-1, mRNA levels was observed together with stronger MMP activity (zymography\/\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    zymography). Moreover, following\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    stimulation of peripheral blood cells,\n                    <jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic>\n                    induced the expression of MMP-9 (mRNA and protein) in cultured cells. Overall, the present data demonstrate an enhanced MMP\/TIMP-1 ratio in the inflammatory states of leprosy and point to potential mechanisms for tissue damage. These results pave the way toward the application of new therapeutic interventions for leprosy reactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00896-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,14]],"date-time":"2009-12-14T21:47:48Z","timestamp":1260827268000},"page":"1012-1021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["High Matrix Metalloproteinase Production Correlates with Immune Activation and Leukocyte Migration in Leprosy Reactional Lesions"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Rosane M. B.","family":"Teles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose B.","family":"Teles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thais P.","family":"Amadeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"},{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle F.","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Mendonc\u0327a-Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I\u0301talo M. C. F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose\u0301 A. C.","family":"Nery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euzenir N.","family":"Sarno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth P.","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxf108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0945-053X(97)90026-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01034-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.11.5952"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6408(1997)21:1<44::AID-DVG5>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030000150"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1632"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"111","volume":"74","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gomez, D. E., D. F. Alonso, H. Yoshiji, and U. P. Thorgeirsson. 1997. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: structure, regulation and biological functions. Eur. J. Cell Biol.74:111-122.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2006.00456.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.114.1.131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6925com"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0806512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.7.5089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(01)00679-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi972120y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0205112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00038-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.4.1213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002510000295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00158.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07992.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.94.3.0464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2006.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000090385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-2478"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"997","volume":"385","year":"2004","unstructured":"Okamoto, T., T. Akuta, F. Tamura, A. van Der Vliet, and T. Akaike. 2004. Molecular mechanism for activation and regulation of matrix metalloproteinases during bacterial infections and respiratory inflammation. Biol. Chem.385:997-1006.","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5661-5670.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.9.4361"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"255","volume":"34","year":"1966","unstructured":"Ridley, D. S., and W. H. Jopling. 1966. Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system. Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis.34:255-273.","journal-title":"A five-group system. Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/MI\/2006\/030490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200202)32:2<404::AID-IMMU404>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"300","volume":"111","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sampaio, E. P., M. O. Moraes, J. A. Nery, A. R. Santos, H. C. Matos, and E. N. Sarno. 1998. Pentoxifylline decreases in vivo and in vitro tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production in lepromatous leprosy patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Clin. Exp. Immunol.111:300-308.","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X1998000100009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4159","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.9.4159","volume":"157","year":"1996","unstructured":"Saren, P., H. G. Welgus, and P. T. Kovanen. 1996. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta selectively induce expression of 92-kDa gelatinase by human macrophages. J. Immunol.157:4159-4165.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-005-3178-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00127807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2005.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"15781","volume":"264","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sottrup-Jensen, L., O. Sand, L. Kristensen, and G. H. Fey. 1989. The alpha-macroglobulin bait region. Sequence diversity and localization of cleavage sites for proteinases in five mammalian alpha-macroglobulins. J. Biol. Chem.264:15781-15789.","journal-title":"Sequence diversity and localization of cleavage sites for proteinases in five mammalian alpha-macroglobulins. J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)80094-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2007.00139.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-002-0340-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118739"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00896-09","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00896-09","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T18:08:14Z","timestamp":1685210894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00896-09"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00896-09"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00896-09","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-08-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-10-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-03-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}