{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:26:04Z","timestamp":1790933164410,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            is an anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium that causes a range of diseases in humans, including lethal gas gangrene. We have recently shown that strains of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            move across the surface of agar plates by a unique type IV pilus (TFP)-mediated social motility that had not been previously described. Based on sequence homology to pilins in Gram-negative bacteria,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            appears to have two pilin subunits, PilA1 and PilA2. Structural prediction analysis indicated PilA1 is similar to the pseudopilin found in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Klebsiella oxytoca<\/jats:named-content>\n            , while PilA2 is more similar to true pilins found in the Gram-negative pathogens\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Strains of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n            that were genetically deficient in the native pilin, PilE, but supplemented with inducible expression of PilA1 and PilA2 of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            were constructed. Genetic competence, wild-type twitching motility, and attachment to human urogenital epithelial cells were not restored by expression of either pilin. However, attachment to mouse and rat myoblast (muscle) cell lines was observed with the\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain expressing PilA2. Significantly, wild-type\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells adhered to mouse myoblasts under anaerobic conditions, and adherence was 10-fold lower in a\n            <jats:italic>pilT<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant that lacked functional TFP. These findings implicate\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            TFP in the ability of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>\n            to adhere to and move along muscle fibers\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            , which may provide a therapeutic approach to limiting this rapidly spreading and highly lethal infection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00909-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,7]],"date-time":"2011-06-07T04:40:50Z","timestamp":1307421650000},"page":"3096-3105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Expression of a Clostridium perfringens Type IV Pilin by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Mediates Adherence to Muscle Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Katherine","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy Grove","family":"Arvidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Melville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03193.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.2.643-652.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi048957s"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(98)77821-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01726-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2007.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(03)00170-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2006.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"4A.2.1","volume-title":"Current protocols in microbiology.","author":"Dillard J. 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