{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:51:35Z","timestamp":1790841095528,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>During microbial infection, macrophages are polarized to classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) cells in response to microbial components and host immune mediators. Proper polarization of macrophages is critical for bacterial clearance. To study the role of macrophage polarization during<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Haemophilus ducreyi<\/jats:named-content>infection, we analyzed a panel of macrophage surface markers in skin biopsy specimens of pustules obtained from experimentally infected volunteers. Lesional macrophages expressed markers characteristic of both M1 and M2 polarization. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) also expressed a mixed M1 and M2 profile of surface markers and cytokines\/chemokines upon infection with<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. ducreyi<\/jats:named-content><jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Endogenous interleukin 10 (IL-10) produced by infected MDM downregulated and enhanced expression of several M1 and M2 markers, respectively. Bacterial uptake, mediated mainly by class A scavenger receptors, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways were required for<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. ducreyi<\/jats:named-content>-induced IL-10 production in MDM. Compared to M1 cells, IL-10-polarized M2 cells displayed enhanced phagocytic activity against<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. ducreyi<\/jats:named-content>and similar bacterial killing. Thus, IL-10-modulated macrophage polarization may contribute to<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. ducreyi<\/jats:named-content>clearance during human infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00912-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T06:04:49Z","timestamp":1349157889000},"page":"4426-4434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Haemophilus ducreyi-Induced Interleukin-10 Promotes a Mixed M1 and M2 Activation Program in Human Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry 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