{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:22:58Z","timestamp":1778689378337,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>spp. are intracellular protozoa residing in mononuclear phagocytes.<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>organisms are susceptible to microbicidal responses generated in response to phagocytosis. Assuming that both phagocyte and parasite populations are heterogeneous, it is advantageous to examine the response of individual cells phagocytosing living parasites. Because<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>spp. lose virulence during the raising of transfectants, we developed a method to label live<jats:italic>Leishmania chagasi<\/jats:italic>short-term with fluorescent dyes. Up to six parasite divisions were detected by flow cytometry after labeling with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE), dioctadecyl-tetramethylindo carbocyanine perchlorate, or chloromethyl tetramethylrhodamine. Labeled parasites entered mononuclear phagocytes as determined by confocal and time-lapse microscopy. Dihydroethidium (DHE) was used to detect macrophage-derived oxidants generated during phagocytosis. Presumably<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>organisms are opsonized with host serum\/tissue components such as complement prior to phagocytosis. Therefore, we investigated the effects of opsonization and found that this increased the efficiency of CFSE-labeled parasite entry into monocytes (84.6% \u00b1 8.8% versus 20.2% \u00b1 3.8% monocytes infected;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001). Opsonization also increased the percentage of phagocytes undergoing a respiratory burst (66.0% \u00b1 6.3% versus 41.0% \u00b1 8.3% of monocytes containing CFSE-labeled parasites;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001) and the magnitude of oxidant generation by each infected monocyte. Inhibitor data indicated that DHE was oxidized by products of the NADPH oxidase. These data suggest that opsonized serum components such as complement lead to more efficient entry of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>into their target cells but at the same time activate the phagocyte oxidase to generate microbicidal products in infected cells. The parasite must balance these positive and negative survival effects in order to initiate a viable infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00914-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,22]],"date-time":"2006-11-22T03:36:36Z","timestamp":1164166596000},"page":"1017-1024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Oxidant Generation by Single Infected Monocytes after Short-Term Fluorescence Labeling of a Protozoan Parasite"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Haeok K.","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Thalhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Immunology Program, University of Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Breck A.","family":"Duerkop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna S.","family":"Mehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shilpi","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Immunology Program, University of Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Gollob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Bela Horizonte, MG"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roque","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine"},{"name":"Microbiology"},{"name":"Epidemiology"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Immunology Program, University of Iowa"},{"name":"VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(95)00060-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3279142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.162.1.324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(00)00346-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"345","volume":"53","year":"1984","unstructured":"Channon, J. Y., M. B. Roberts, and J. M. Blackwell. 1984. A study of the differential respiratory burst activity elicited by promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania donovani in murine resident peritoneal macrophages. Immunology53:345-354.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"255","volume":"256","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chao, C. C., T. W. Molitor, G. Gekker, M. P. Murtaugh, and P. K. Peterson. 1991. Cocaine-mediated suppression of superoxide production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.256:255-258.","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07163.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2370111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"3185","volume":"31","year":"2001","unstructured":"Forget, G., K. A. Siminovitch, S. Brochu, S. Rivest, D. Radzioch, and M. Olivier. 2001. Role of host phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in the development of murine leishmaniasis. J. Immunol.31:3185-3196.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.2.893"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.5.2613"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(96)02580-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02352-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.826-835.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.24.9736"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00122-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1997.0115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.1999.00864.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"577","volume":"7","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mau\u00ebl, J., S. B. Corradin, and Y. B. Rouiller. 1991. Nitrogen and oxygen metabolites and the killing of Leishmania by activated murine macrophages. Res. Immunol.7:577-580.","journal-title":"Res. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M003671200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4571-4580.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001789"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"329","volume":"327","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mosser, D. M., and P. J. Edelson. 1987. The third component of complement (C3) is responsible for the intracellular survival of Leishmania major. Nature327:329-331.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.116.2.511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.4.741"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.67.4.464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.11.4495-4500.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209210200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.158.3.670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.2.293-305.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00141-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"277","volume":"75","year":"1994","unstructured":"Passwell, J. H., R. Shor, J. Smolen, and C. L. Jaffe. 1994. Infection of human monocytes by Leishmania results in a defective oxidative burst. Int. J. Exp. Pathol.75:277-284.","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.129.3.1282","volume":"129","year":"1982","unstructured":"Pearson, R. D., J. L. Harcus, P. H. Symes, R. Romito, and G. R. Donowitz. 1982. Failure of the phagocytic oxidative response to protect human monocyte-derived macrophages from infection by Leishmania donovani. J. Immunol.129:1282-1286.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(94)90251-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990120713"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(94)90176-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00695.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.47.5.440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.140132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.9.5283-5291.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.10.3462","volume":"142","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tsunawaki, S., M. Sporn, and C. Nathan. 1989. Comparison of transforming growth factor-beta and a macrophage-deactivating polypeptide from tumor cells. Differences in antigenicity and mechanism of action. J. Immunol.142:3462-3468.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.12.4681","volume":"136","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wilson, M. E., and R. D. Pearson. 1986. Evidence that Leishmania donovani utilizes a mannose receptor on human mononuclear phagocytes to establish intracellular parasitism. J. Immunol.136:4681-4688.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6148","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.11.6148","volume":"161","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wilson, M. E., B. M. Young, B. L. Davidson, K. A. Mente, and S. E. McGowan. 1998. The importance of transforming growth factor-\u03b2 in murine visceral leishmaniasis. J. Immunol.161:6148-6155.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.164.4.1332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.158.6.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509054103"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00914-06","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00914-06","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T11:43:35Z","timestamp":1707392615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00914-06"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00914-06"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00914-06","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-06-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-11-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}