{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:56:29Z","timestamp":1789757789573,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01HL122426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01HL122426"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HL136211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL136211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Chitin is a polysaccharide that provides structure and rigidity to the cell walls of fungi and insects. Mammals possess multiple chitinases, which function to degrade chitin, thereby supporting a role for chitinases in immune defense. However, chitin degradation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Here, we determined the impact of acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) (\n            <jats:italic>Chia<\/jats:italic>\n            ) deficiency on host defense during acute exposure to the fungal pathogen\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>\n            as well as its contribution to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>\n            -associated allergic asthma. We demonstrate that chitin in the fungal cell wall was detected at low levels in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>\n            conidia, which emerged at the highest level during hyphal transition. In response to acute\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>\n            challenge,\n            <jats:italic>Chia<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice unexpectedly demonstrated lower\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>\n            lung burdens at 2 days postchallenge. The lower fungal burden correlated with decreased lung interleukin-33 (IL-33) levels yet increased IL-1\u03b2 and prostaglandin E\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            (PGE\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            ) production, a phenotype that we reported previously to promote the induction of IL-17A and IL-22. During chronic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>\n            exposure, AMCase deficiency resulted in lower dynamic and airway lung resistance than in wild-type mice. Improved lung physiology correlated with attenuated levels of the proallergic chemokines CCL17 and CCL22. Surprisingly, examination of inflammatory responses during chronic exposure revealed attenuated IL-17A and IL-22 responses, but not type 2 responses, in the absence of AMCase. Collectively, these data suggest that AMCase functions as a negative regulator of immune responses during acute fungal exposure and is a contributor to fungal asthma severity, putatively via the induction of proinflammatory responses.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00944-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]],"date-time":"2018-04-25T10:44:03Z","timestamp":1524653043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Acidic Mammalian Chitinase Negatively Affects Immune Responses during Acute and Chronic Aspergillus fumigatus Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Jaleesa M.","family":"Garth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph 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Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadis","family":"Matalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Fitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Immunity, Pfizer Worldwide R&amp;D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 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