{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:54:03Z","timestamp":1790870043397,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The poly-\u03b3-\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -glutamic acid (PGA) capsule is one of the major virulence factors of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            , which causes a highly lethal infection. The antiphagocytic PGA capsule disguises the bacilli from immune surveillance and allows unimpeded growth of bacilli in the host. Recently, efforts have been made to include PGA as a component of anthrax vaccine; however, the innate immune response of PGA itself has been poorly investigated. In this study, we characterized the innate immune response elicited by PGA in the human monocytic cell line THP-1, which was differentiated into macrophages with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (hMoDCs). PGA capsules were isolated from the culture supernatant of either the pXO1-cured strain of\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            H9401 or\n            <jats:italic>B. licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n            ATCC 9945a. PGA treatment of differentiated THP-1 cells and hMoDCs led to the specific extracellular release of interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) in a dose-dependent manner. Evaluation of IL-1\u03b2 processing by Western blotting revealed that cleaved IL-1\u03b2 increased in THP-1 cells and hMoDCs after PGA treatment. Enhanced processing of IL-1\u03b2 directly correlated with increased activation of its upstream regulator, caspase-1, also known as IL-1\u03b2-converting enzyme (ICE). The extracellular release of IL-1\u03b2 in response to PGA was ICE dependent, since the administration of an ICE inhibitor prior to PGA treatment blocked induction of IL-1\u03b2. These results demonstrate that\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            PGA elicits IL-1\u03b2 production through activation of ICE in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells and hMoDCs, suggesting the potential for PGA as a therapeutic target for anthrax.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00956-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,9]],"date-time":"2009-09-09T01:33:13Z","timestamp":1252459993000},"page":"387-392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["<i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n            Capsule Activates Caspase-1 and Induces Interleukin-1\u03b2 Release from Differentiated THP-1 and Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Min-Hee","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, 194 Tongil-Lo, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul 122-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae-Jeong","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, 194 Tongil-Lo, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul 122-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Joon","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry"},{"name":"Protein Research Center for Bio-industry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449-791, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungchan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology"},{"name":"Protein Research Center for Bio-industry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449-791, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Hoon","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, 194 Tongil-Lo, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul 122-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bong-Su","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, 194 Tongil-Lo, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul 122-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee-Bok","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, 194 Tongil-Lo, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul 122-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi-eun","family":"Rhie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, 194 Tongil-Lo, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul 122-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.2.1069-1080.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.9.5545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1373520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00446-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C300539200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/500468"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08307.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"S1","volume":"20","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dinarello, C. 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